630


Culture, Foodways & Counseling


Central Asia, 326 cereal foods in diet of Caribbean Hispanics, 285b of Hmong, 470, 473 of Koreans, 423b of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 148b, 149


certification of halal foods in Islam, 595, 595f, 596 of interpreters, 33 of kosher foods, 610, 610f of translators, 36


CHamoru, 101, 103, 104 language of, 443 traditional food practices of, 108, 109


charity


traditional health beliefs and practices in, 236–237, 250


meal patterns in. See meals, of Central Americans


present day, 374 religious and spiritual beliefs in, 373, 378, 394, 395


of South Americans, 209, 254, 265 and health beliefs, 256, 270


cerebrovascular disease in Korean Americans, 420, 421


resource recommendations on, 375 Special Administrative Regions of, 371 special occasion foods in, 394–395, 395b–396b traditional food practices in, 383–394 common foods in, 384b–389b, 392b–393b food preparation methods in, 383 meal patterns and customs in, 393–394 regional variations in, 383–384, 389, 397


change, stages of, 47 Chanukah (Hanukkah), 612, 617 chapati in Pakistani diet, 356, 360b, 361, 363, 365, 367


chicken in diet, 23 of African Americans, 130, 132, 133, 134 of American Indians, 64, 64b of Hmong, 465 of Koreans, 427 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 108, 109, 110, 112


children African American, 132, 188 from Kenya, 171, 181 from Nigeria and Ghana, 147, 160, 161


Alaska Native, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92 American Indian, 56, 62, 66 Asian Indian, 347 in Central America, traditional health beliefs on, 236 Chinese, dairy foods of, 391 complementary and alternative medicine used by, 44


in Hinduism, 582 in Islam, 593


Chinese Food Guide Pagoda and Plate, 375, 399 Chinese medicine, traditional, 45, 380–382, 381b–383b in Japan, 405, 416 of Tai Americans, 491 yin and yang in, 45, 380–382, 382b, 398, 399 Ching Ming Festival, 394, 395b chitterlings (chitlins), 130, 134, 137 cholesterol levels in African Americans, 128, 144, 187 in American Indians, 63 in Arab Americans, 522 in Asian Indians, 333 in Korean Americans, 421 in Mexican Americans, 216


chopsticks


traditional health beliefs and practices in, 380–382, 381b–383b, 398 yin and yang in, 45, 380–382, 382b, 398, 399


Christianity, 130, 517, 556–574 as Abrahamic faith, 517, 523, 541, 592 of African Americans, 130, 134, 134b, 170, 201, 565


Children’s Day (Kodomo No Hi), 414 Chile, 206, 207, 253 beverages in, 258 languages in, 254 popular foods in, 262b traditional food practices in, 257


Ethiopian, 188, 192, 196, 198 in family dynamics, 45, 92 of Hmong Americans, 463, 470, 472 as interpreters and translators, 33, 46 Jewish, fasting restrictions on, 619 meals of, 46 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 107 Pakistani, 354 of Tai Americans, 491 WIC program for, 15b, 64, 73, 82, 93, 115b, 470


of Alaska Natives, 90 of American Indians, 72 of Arabs, 521, 530, 531b of Asian Indians, 331, 345, 346 beliefs and practices in, 557 of Caribbeans, 277, 282, 293, 300 and holiday foods, 293, 294b, 317b, 318b


counseling strategies in, 416, 556, 571–574 Eastern Orthodox. See Eastern Orthodox Christianity of Ethiopians, 186, 192, 198, 201 fasting practices in, 561, 572–573 of Catholics, 562–563 of Eastern Orthodox, 564, 569 of Greek Orthodox, 564 in Lent, 568 of Protestants, 565, 566


chili peppers in Mexican cuisine, 219, 219b, 221b, 225 in Tailand, 478, 479–480


China, 371, 377–400 agriculture in, 373, 377–378 cultural overview of, 377–379 ethnic diversity in, 378 geography of, 372, 377 historical perspectives and influences on, 373–374, 377–378


of Filipinos, 445, 455, 456b, 458 global population of Christians, 558 health beliefs in, 558–559, 561 foods originating in, 563b of Hmong, 463 of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 566 of South Americans, 256, 270


Hmong in, 461 immigrant population in US from, 374, 377–400 common health concerns of, 379–380, 398 counseling strategies for, 397–400 current food practices of, 396–397 demographics of, 378–379, 445 history of, 378


Indigenous people in, 378 language in, 378, 398 natural environment and resources of, 372, 373, 377


of Chinese, 393, 399, 413 of Japanese, 413, 417 of Koreans, 419, 429 symbolic meaning of, 36, 399, 413, 417 in Tailand, 485 in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, 504, 505, 506


Christian Science, 559 Christmas celebrations, 569–570, 572 of African Americans, 134, 134b of Alaska Natives, 90 of American Indians, 72 of Arabs, 531b of Asian Indians, 346 of Caribbeans, 317b of Central Americans, 247–248, 248b of Chinese, 395 of Eastern Orthodox Christians, 564 of Ethiopians, 198 of Filipinos, 455, 456b of Hmong, 465 of Japanese Americans, 415 of Kenyans, 180 of Mexican Americans, 225, 226b, 227 of South Americans, 265 of Vietnamese, 506


in Sub-Saharan Africa, 121 Sunday weekly observances in, 566 in Tailand, 477 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 494 as Western religion, 541


in Southeast Asia, 440 special occasion foods in, 566–571, 572–573 of Arabs, 530, 531b of Asian Indians, 345, 346 of Caribbeans, 293, 294b, 317b, 318b of Central Americans, 247–248, 248b for Christmas. See Christmas celebrations for Easter. See Easter, dietary practices in of Filipinos, 455, 456b of Koreans, 430 for Lent. See Lent, dietary practices in of Mexican Americans, 225, 226b of South Americans, 265


chronic disease, diet-related, 13–14 Chung Yeung Festival (Double Ninth Festival), 394, 396b


Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), 559 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 254, 540f, 558


Catholic. See Catholicism of Central Americans, 235, 247–248, 248b communion ritual in, 556, 557, 564, 566–567, 573


counseling strategies for, 572 dietary beliefs and practices in, 562b, 566, 567, 572


Chuseok (Korean harvest festival), 429, 430 Chuuk, 103 common health problems in, 106 gender roles in, 114 traditional food practices in, 109–110 Cinco de Mayo celebrations, 226b circular (indirect) communication, 32–33, 39, 58, 270 citizenship, 9 of American Indians and Alaska Natives, 56 in Caribbean Islands, 277, 279, 281, 295, 301 in Pacific Islands, 104b Civil Rights Act (1964), 33, 136 clans


history of, 557–558 of Hmong, 461, 463 of Japanese, 403, 416 of Kenyans, 169–170, 180 of Koreans, 373, 420, 430, 431 of Latin Americans, 208–209 of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 214, 225, 226b


in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, 517, 521


of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 160 in Oceania, 99, 104 overview of, 556–558 Protestant. See Protestantism resource recommendations on, 542


climate change, impact of for Alaska Natives, 82, 87, 88–89 in Pacific Islands, 106


of American Indians, 61, 63 of Hmong, 471


coconut and coconut milk in diet of Caribbeans, 297, 315 of Central Americans, 238, 240, 241, 246 of Kenyans, 174 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 108, 109, 110, 111


code switching, 10, 31 coining practice, 497, 498, 511 cold-hot theory of health and diet.See hot-cold theory of health and diet


collaboration of dietitian and patient, 38 collard greens, 130, 134, 139 collective cultures, 45–46


history of, 566 observances and holidays in, 569


of Tais, 477, 479, 482b, 487, 488, 491 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 511


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