50 MALE GROOMING
Clean beauty natural deodorant formulations
Aleksandra Zmiric, Tom Fricke, Wiebke Johannpeter, Ute Back – Clariant
During the past few decades, there has been an increased interest in the essential role of commensal skin bacteria in human body odour formation.1
Sweating is the body’s natural way
of cooling down. Sweating is not problematic but in certain conditions sweat has a stronger odour than usual. Human skin has two major types of sweat glands, the apocrine and the eccrine glands. Eccrine glands are often referred to as the small gland variety but are by far the most ubiquitous type of sweat gland. Most of the variability in regional and whole-body sweating rate within and between individuals is due to differences in sweat secretion rate per gland, rather than the total number of active sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands primarily respond to thermal stimuli; particularly increased body core temperature, and eccrine sweat is mostly composed of water and salt.2 Apocrine glands differ from eccrine glands in
that they are larger and open into hair follicles instead of onto the skin surface (Figure 1). Apocrine glands produce viscous, lipid-rich sweat, which is comprised of proteins, sugars and ammonia. Some human sweat glands cannot be classified as either apocrine or eccrine, having characteristics of both; such glands are termed apoeccrine. They are larger than eccrine glands, but smaller than apocrine glands. Their secretory portion has a narrow portion similar to secretory coils in eccrine glands as well as a wide section reminiscent of apocrine glands.2
Body Odour Sweat Sebaceous glands are not a type of sweat
gland but worth mentioning here since their secretions can impact the composition of sweat collected at the skin surface.3
Sebaceous glands
secrete a viscous, lipid-rich fluid consisting of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters.2,3,4 It is well-established that the primary
physiological function of sweating is heat dissipation for body temperature regulation.5 Eccrine sweat is thought to play a role in epidermal barrier homeostasis through its delivery of water, natural moisturizing factors,
and antimicrobial peptides to the skin surface. Natural moisturizing factors include amino
acids (or their derivatives), lactate, urea, sodium and potassium, which can act as humectants allowing the outermost layers of the stratum corneum to remain hydrated.6 Some of these natural moisturizing factors, such as lactate, urea, sodium and potassium originate from eccrine sweat,6
while amino
acids on the skin surface may be produced in the stratum corneum.7
Nevertheless, studies
have shown that perspiration increases stratum corneum hydration.6,7,8
Figure 1: Comparison of the apocrine, eccrine and sebaceous glands in the axilla
PERSONAL CARE September 2022
Figure 2: Bacteria involved in body odour formation and odourous substances
www.personalcaremagazine.com
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