SKIN MICROBIOME These included the environmental


conditions of the various ‘skin biogeographies’, relative risk of the perturbation inducing colonization by pathogenic microbes, consequent alterations in the abundance of critical bacterial species, changes in the overall diversity of the microbial content, as well as the potential for unintended impacts on the crosstalk between the microbiota and the skin. Cumulatively, the aforementioned strategies


are no small task, and given that our knowledge of the skin microbiome is still incomplete, there is no certainty that such comprehensive examinations will absolutely guarantee the benefits of a specific topical intervention. Alternatively, some companies have chosen


to employ the phrase ‘microbiome selective’ as this more precisely states what sort of property is being promoted. Describing a microbiome modulatory ingredient as ‘microbiome selective’ is a very testable statement and offers an idea of what is meant – the material ‘selectively’ acts on the skin microbiome, suggesting only certain members of the microbiota are affected by its activity. Furthermore, the degree of such


‘selectivity’ could be easily described using the aforementioned proposed system of classifying the specificity of microbiome modulators (Table 1). Such assertions are also in keeping with the consumer desire for products that are minimally disruptive to the normal biology of the skin.


Conclusion In summary, the skin microbiome is a topic that is redefining modern cosmetic care. Significant advances in genome sequencing technology have provided a more complete image of the scope and dynamism of the microbes that inhabit the skin.1 This has allowed for a better understanding


of the role that these microorganisms play in the pathogenesis of multiple skin diseases and disorders. As such, there has been growing excitement in the cosmetic care industry to translate these discoveries into commercialized bio-active ingredients that modulate the microbiome so as to improve skin health.23 As described above, what is often absent


from these considerable efforts is an appreciation for the complexity of the notion of altering the growth patterns and levels of the various microbes living on the skin. This absence is notable in how many of the


bio-active materials are described on their labels and in their advertisements: what is the nature of their inherent activity? What is the scope of their effect? And how was their impact on skin health qualified? Here, the importance of the subtlety and


nuance involved in endeavors to modify the growth patterns of the skin resident microbes has been elaborated upon in multiple contexts. As the flow of new discoveries about the skin microbiome seems unrelenting, this will be an important topic to the cosmetic care industry for some time.


Thus, it is critical that these microbiome-


based innovations be promoted and conveyed to the consumer with clarity and an appreciation for the sophistication of the subject matter and technology.


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2. Polak K et al. Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(10)


3. Carvalho MJ et al. Skin Microbiota and the Cosmetic Industry. Microb. Ecol. 2023; 86(1): p.86-96


4. Geoghegan JA, Irvine AD, Foster TJ. Staphylococcus aureus and Atopic Dermatitis: A Complex and Evolving Relationship. Trends Microbiol. 2018; 26(6): p. 484-497


5. Bruggemann H et al. A Janus-Faced Bacterium: Host-Beneficial and -Detrimental Roles of Cutibacterium acnes. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: p.673845


6. Oh J et al. Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome. Nature. 2014; 514(7520): p.59-64


7. Fourniere M et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(11)


8. Bouslimani A et al. The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biol. 2019; 17(1): p.47


9. Moissl-Eichinger C et al. Human age and skin physiology shape diversity and abundance of Archaea on skin. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7(1): p.4039


10. Myers T et al. A multi-study analysis enables identification of potential microbial features associated with skin aging signs. Front. Aging. 2023; 4: p.1304705


11. Gibson GR et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017; 14(8): p. 491-502


12. Al-Ghazzewi FH, Tester RF. Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health. Benef. Microbes. 2014; 5(2): p.99-107


13. Salminen S et al. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021; 18(9): p.649-667


14. Jung YO et al. Lysates of a Probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Can Improve Skin Barrier Function in a Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019; 20(17)


15. Khmaladze I et al. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-A comparative study on the effect of probiotics and lysates on human skin. Exp. Dermatol. 2019; 28(7): p. 822-828


16. Muizzuddin N et al. Physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2012; 63(6): p. 385-95


17. Butler E, Lundqvist C, Axelsson J. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 as a Novel Topical Cosmetic Ingredient: A Proof of Concept Clinical Study in Adults with Atopic Dermatitis. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(7)


18. Duarte M et al. Current postbiotics in the cosmetic market-an update and development opportunities. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022; 106(18): p.5879-5891


19. Shutter MC, Akhondi H. Tetracycline. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. January 2024


20. Ray M, Manjunath A, Halami PM. Prevalence of polymyxin resistance through the food chain, the global crisis. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo). 2022; 75(4): p.185-198


21. van Belkum A, Lisotto P, Pirovano W, Mongiat S, Zorgani A, Gempeter M, Bongoni R, Klaassens E. Being friendly to the skin microbiome: Experimental assessment. Frontiers in Microbiomes. 2023; p. 1-8


22. McBain AJ et al. Consumer Safety Considerations of Skin and Oral Microbiome Perturbation. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2019; 32(4)


23. Maguire M, Maguire G. The role of microbiota, and probiotics and prebiotics in skin health. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2017; 309(6): p. 411-421


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