ANTI-AGEING


barrier function, wound healing, pigmentation, photoageing, senescence, and chronological ageing.31


Several miRNAs have been


established as inflammatory regulators that are dysregulated in inflammatory skin disorders.32,33 The application of the dual botanical extract


delivers anti-ageing benefits by restoring homeostatic balance to miRNA expression levels in skin cells (Figure 5B). The dual botanical extract increases the expression of 15 miRNAs in full-thickness skin model tissues, including nine miRNAs facilitating ECM production and protection, five antioxidant miRNAs, and 14 miRNAs with purported anti- inflammatory activity in the skin. Notably, the dual botanical extract increases


the amount of miR-146a, a well-established ‘anti-ageing’ miRNA in the skin (Figure 5B). MiR- 146a levels are decreased in chronologically aged and photoaged skin.24, 27, 34 Depletion of miR-146a contributes to elevated inflammation and reduced collagen production throughout skin tissue.34,35


Studies have found that


measures to enhance miR-146a levels can mitigate psoriatic inflammation and photoageing.27,29 Furthermore, miR-146a suppresses SASP in fibroblasts, helping to minimize the damaging effects of senescent cells.36


HDACs in the skin Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in reversible histone acetylation, one of the best-characterized mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Organized inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around histone proteins, which can be modified to affect gene expression. Histone acetylation, the attachment of


acetyl groups to lysine and arginine residues primarily within the N-terminal region of the proteins, is a gene-activating epigenetic modification. The negatively charged acetyl groups decrease the interactions between the DNA and its proteinaceous packaging, making the DNA more accessible for higher expression of the acetylated regions. Acetylation across the genome is dynamic


and under the control of an HAT/HDAC switch, whereby the addition of acetyl groups is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes and their removal by HDACs (Figure


A


l DNA methylation l Histone methylation l Histone acetylation


A


97


B


l


MicroRNA (miRNA) mediated repression


Figure 4: Epigenetics is a significant contributor to premature skin ageing


6A). Acetylation of histones by HATs encourages an open, accessible chromatin state for transcriptional machinery entry and active gene expression. In contrast, deacetylation by HDACs facilitates chromatin compaction and gene silencing. Epigenetic dysregulation of the histone


acetylation/deacetylation processes can disrupt B


the skin. For example, widespread deacetylation can compromise the proper regulation of cellular processes, undercutting normal differentiated function and driving chronic, unresolved inflammation.37-39


been implicated in cellular senescence and skin ageing, with UV affecting their levels in the skin.40-42


REGULATION OF MICRORNAs (miRNAs) WITH THE DUAL BOTANICAL EXTRACT


Upregulated miRNAs


10a, 143, 145, 146a, 155, 218 ECM protection 4 miRNAs


6 miRNAs


137, 146a, 155, 218, 494 Antioxidant 14 miRNAs


10a, 21, 137, 143, 145, 146a, 155, 184, 191, 214, 30a-3p, 376c, 494, 574-3p


137, 155, 218 Skin brightening 3 miRNAs Figure 5: The dual botanical extract renews the miRNA profile of the skin www.personalcaremagazine.com March 2024 PERSONAL CARE


143, 145, 146a, 218 Keratinocyte 5 miRNAs


Anti-inflammatory Activity


3 miRNAs 21, 137, 494 ECM production


Sirtuins, a class of HDACs, have


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