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Riding the Quantum Magnetic Wave
Continued from page 1
Printed Circuit Boards from Prototype to Production
field of magnonics (electronic systems that use magnons instead of elec- trons) because magnons had previous- ly been sent through inorganic mate- rials that are more difficult to handle. “Going to these organic materi-
als, we have an opportunity to push magnonics into an area that is more controllable than inorganic materi- als,” Miller says. Their results have been pub-
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lished in Nature Materials. How Magnonics Works Like conventional electronics,
magnons can conduct information through materials, but instead of be- ing composed of electrons, magnons are waves made up of a property called quantum spin. Imagine a football stadium,
packed full of enthusiastic fans hold- ing up their arms to cheer on their team. Let’s say that the direction in which their arms point is their spin orientation. If every fan holds their arms straight up in the air simulta- neously, then everyone’s spin orien- tation is the same and they’ve made, in essence, a magnet. Now the crowd starts “The
Wave,” except instead of standing and sitting, one aisle of fans tilts their arms to the right. The next aisle picks up on this change in spin and passes it along to the next row. Before long, this magnet has a spin- based wave coursing around the sta- dium. The quantum version of the spin-based wave is a magnon. “Now you have a way to broad-
cast information in a material,” says physics professor and paper co-au- thor Boehme. “You can think about mag nonics like electronics. You have circuitry and when you manage to build digital logic out of this, you can also build computers.” Although magnons have been known to science for dec ades, only recently has their
potential for building electronics been realized.
Currently, most magnonics re-
searchers are using yttrium iron gar- net (YIG) as their wave carrier mate- rial. It is expensive and difficult to produce, especially as a thin-film or wire. Boehme says he once consid- ered incorporating YIG into one of his instruments and had to give up because the material proved so prob- lematic to handle. Boehme and Vardeny, distin-
guished professor of physics, also study the field of alternatives to elec- tronics called spintronics, of which magnonics is a subfield. In 2016, they showed how to observe the “inverse spin Hall effect,” a way to convert spin waves into electrical current. The three decided to test Miller’s
organic magnet to see if it could be used as an alternative to YIG in magnonics materials. They tested for electron spin resonance (ESR), a meas- ure of how long magnons would last in the material. The narrower the ESR line, the longer-lived the magnons. But, working with the organic- based magnet, known as vanadium
tetracyanoethylene or V(TCNE)x, still presented some challenges. The mate- rial is highly sensitive to oxygen, akin to rare-earth magnets. The team needed to handle the thin films of
V(TCNE)x under low-oxygen condi- tions. Not every experimental run was successful. The team learned that the copper connector they were using to convert magnons into electricity us- ing the inverse spin Hall effect was re-
acting with the V(TCNE)x and would- n’t work. A switch to platinum con- tacts resulted in successful runs. In the end, the team reported
that they were able to generate stable magnons in organic magnets and con- vert those spin waves into electrical signals — a major stepping stone. The stability of the magnons in the V(TC-
NE)x was as good as that in YIG. Web:
www.unews.utah.edu r
New Battery to Power Renewable Energy
Continued from page 1
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vanced, industrial-scale battery de- sign — roughly the size of a semi- truck — that engineers have strived to develop since the 1960s. Nguyen has overseen breakthrough work on key components of hydrogen-bromine battery design. For one, there is the electrode
Nguyen developed. To be maximally efficient, an electrode needs a lot of surface area. Nguyen’s team has de- veloped a higher-surface-area carbon electrode by growing carbon nan- otubes directly on the carbon fibers of a porous electrode. “Before our work, people used
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paper-carbon electrodes and had to stack electrodes together to generate high-power output,” he says. “The electrodes had to be a lot thicker and more expensive because you had to use multiple layers. We came up with the idea to grow tiny carbon nan- otubes directly on top of carbon fibers inside of electrodes and we boosted the surface area by 50 to 70 times.” A key issue remaining before a
hydrogen-bromide battery can be marketed successfully is the develop- ment of an effective catalyst to accel-
erate the reactions on the hydrogen side of the battery and provide high- er output while surviving the ex- treme corrosiveness in the system. “We need a durable catalyst,
something that has the same activity as the best catalyst out there, but that can survive this environment,” says Nguyen. Nguyen noted the new hydro-
gen-bromine battery could soon be commercialized, and easily could be scaled to MW (power) MWh (energy) scales, coming in modular container form, about 1 MWh in a full-size con- tainer. He cautions it could only be used in remote, industrial sites — places like wind and solar farms, where the huge batteries likely would be buried underground. “The way we use fossil fuel for
energy is very inefficient, wasteful and generates greenhouse gasses,” Nguyen says. “For fossil fuels, you make the initial investment, and you pay for operation every day — coal or natural gas for the rest of the life of the power plant. Once you make the initial investment in renewable, the electricity you make is free.” Web:
www.news.ku.edu r
May, 2018
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