that feedback on exams should involve putting the answers online, so students can compare them with what they wrote.


Unit 7, Lesson 3, Task 2


CHEN: The term malware comes from two words, malicious, meaning bad, and software – which I’m sure you all know means computer programs. Malware is a kind of software that is written deliberately to damage a computer system or to use it without the knowledge of its operators. Malware is hostile in that it never benefits the infected system or the owners and it may cause considerable damage to the organization.


There are many different kinds of malware. They are classified on the basis of how the hostile code first enters and then operates inside the computer. I am going to tell you about three main types of malware: viruses, worms and Trojan horses.


A computer virus is a computer program that can reproduce itself just like a biological virus and can copy itself into, or infect, different computer files in the system. It can infect the memory or the files, for example JPEG images and Word documents. It is transferred from one computer to another over a computer network or inside a moveable device such as a USB drive or CD. In the 80s and early 90s, viruses could be very destructive. They carry a set of instructions (called a payload) which can do anything a normal user can do. Deleting data from a hard disk was a favourite. Of course, like biological viruses, killing your host quickly is not a good idea, so some only activated themselves on a certain date or just hung around, using up resources. People used to write them just to see how far they would spread.


Viruses can be further divided into resident or non-resident viruses depending on their behaviour. Non-resident viruses look for other files to infect and infect them. Resident viruses stay resident in the computer’s memory and infect files as the operating system loads them.


A worm is a malicious computer program that doesn’t need human activity to transfer it, but can spread from host to host without users doing anything. Some worms carry a payload of hostile code, for example designed to delete files, send out malicious e-mails or even untraceable spam. A worm can do all of these things without the system operator’s knowledge.


A Trojan horse is a program that appears to be useful, but in fact hides hostile code within it. Because it looks attractive, people may not think about the danger inside it. For example, you may see a funny screensaver offered for free on the Internet and download it. While the screensaver is running it may be copying your files, allowing someone else to see them or even to control your computer.


Unit 7, Lesson 3, Task 3


GUY: Wow, I didn’t get much of that. That’s very technical. I switched off after 30 seconds.


218 ACCESS EAP: Foundations Key words


malware malicious meaning deliberately operators infected hostile kinds operates viruses worms Trojan horses reproduce computer files JPEG images Word documents moveable a USB drive CD destructive a payload deleting data a hard disk host activated hung around using up resources resident non-resident behaviour operating system human activity untraceable spam appears to be screensaver download


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