100 FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS
all layers of the epidermis that enables wound healing and protects the skin from infection, tumours, and damage from the sun. As a potent macrophage
stimulator, beta glucans play a vital role in the dynamic wound healing process by releasing wound growth factors through macrophage stimulation. Studies have proved that fungal beta glucans can promote fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration during the wound healing process.5 Beta-1,3-D glucans have
also been reported to act as a long-term natural sunscreen that does not produce the side effects associated with the frequent use of strong chemical sunscreens.
Chitin Chitin along with beta glucans are components of mushroom cell walls. Chitin is widely used in skin and hair care products. Chitin has film-forming properties that can help to moisturize and protect your skin from drying. It can function as a good carrier in cosmetics and can fix ingredients on skin for long-lasting effects. When consumed orally, chitin functions
as a prebiotic fibre that feeds the probiotic gut microbiota that in turn supports immune function. It is commonly thought that humans cannot digest chitin. However, it is now known that many people have the enzyme chitinase that breaks down chitin in gastric juices. This occurs in populations that consume
a lot of chitin-containing foods such insects, yeast, and mushrooms.6
It is also reported that
daily consumption of mushrooms can foster the growth of chitinase-producing bacteria which can help with the digestion of chitin and in the process produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) that have been shown to provide additional health benefits. Currently, chitin for industrial and
cosmeceutical use is primarily derived from shellfish industry including wastes from shrimp, crab, and lobster shells (8 to 40% chitin content). Fungi provide an alternative source of chitin (10-26% as a chitin-beta- glucan complex). Despite having a lower content of chitin,
fungal chitin offers some advantages. Fungal chitin does not require the aggressive acid treatment that crustacean chitin does for purification and demineralization. Fungal chitin also supplements the rigid chitin structure with more pliable branched beta glucan, yielding a native nanocomposite architecture that can provide strong and tough fibre networks when extracted. Fungal chitin is now receiving more research interest due to its mass production potential, simple extraction process, and the established healing properties of fungal polysaccharides.9
PERSONAL CARE October 2024
Vitamin D2 Mushrooms contain ergosterol that, when exposed to UVB radiation from sunlight or artificial sources, is converted to Vitamin D2. The health-promoting effects of Vitamin D are multifaceted and well documented.
Conclusions Functional mushrooms have broad functionality for beauty from within and topical applications. M2 Ingredients is North America’s largest producer of functional mushrooms. We utilize precision fermentation, organic cultivation and advanced production methods and
continue to invest in science and
research and drive innovation for functional mushrooms. Our team of mycologists,
microbiologists, chemists and
preventive medicine experts regularly provide guidance on product development
and formulation.
Triterpenes Triterpenes are alcohol-soluble compounds produced by some mushrooms such as reishi, shiitake, turkey tail, and chaga. Triterpenes are reported to support wound healing by modulating the production of ROS in the wound environment and accelerating the process of tissue repair. Triterpenes may also induce collagen deposition.8
Antioxidants Mushrooms contain an array of antioxidants including ergothioneine, glutathione, polyphenols, superoxide dismutase, and organic selenium compounds. These antioxidants can provide protection against oxidative damage both when taken orally and when applied topically. Ergothioneine (ET) is an intriguing
antioxidant. Mushrooms are a good source of this important antioxidant that can only be obtained through diet. ET is an amino acid compound with antioxidant activity that helps to prevent the formation of damaging reactive oxygen species and protect against UV-induced damage to skin cells.9 When consumed orally, this very stable
antioxidant helps protect the degradation of other active antioxidants such as glutathione from degrading, thus helping to maintain their integrity and provide defence against environmental stresses for extended periods of time.
The body has a highly-specific cellular
transport known as the ET Transporter, or ETT. which efficiently transports ET into the cells. ETT is concentrated in mitochondria, suggesting a specific role in protecting mitochondrial components such as DNA from oxidative damage associated with mitochondrial generation of superoxide.10
References 1. Nguyen UT, Kalan LR. Forgotten fungi: the importance of the skin mycobiome. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2022 Dec;70:102235
2. Jayachandran M, Xiao J, Xu B. A Critical Review on Health Promoting Benefits of Edible Mushrooms through Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; Sep 8;18(9):1934
3. Taofiq O, Barreiro MF, Ferreira ICFR. The Role of Bioactive Compounds and other Metabolites from Mushrooms against Skin Disorders - A Systematic Review Assessing their Cosmeceutical and Nutricosmetic Outcomes. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(41):6926-6965
4. Du B, Bian Z, Xu B. Skin health promotion effects of natural beta-glucan derived from cereals and microorganisms: a review. Phytother Res. 2014 Feb;28(2):159-66
5. Xu C, Wang F, Guan S, Wang L. β-Glucans obtained from fungus for wound healing: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2024; Mar 1;327:121662
6. Paoletti MG et al. Human gastric juice contains chitinase that can degrade chitin. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2007; 51(3):244-251
7. Jones M, Kujundzic M, John S, Bismarck A. Crab vs. Mushroom: A Review of Crustacean and Fungal Chitin in Wound Treatment. Mar Drugs. 2020; Jan 18;18(1):64
8. Agra LC et al. Triterpenes with healing activity: A systematic review. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 2015 Oct;26(5):465-70
9. Markova N et al. Skin cells and tissue are capable of using L-ergothioneine as an integral component of their antioxidant defense system. National Library of Medicine. 15 Apr. 2009. https://pubmed.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19439218/
10. Paul BD, Snyder SH. The unusual amino acid L-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant. Cell Death Differ. 2010 Jul;17(7):1134-40
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