Food
Chapter 1 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Chapter 4: Water Energy
Figure 2.1.4: In a sample of 37 Sub-Saharan African countries in 2011, 22% of agricultural researchers were women. Relatively more female researchers were employed in Southern Africa than in other sub-regions. 10% or fewer of agricultural researchers in West Africa, Eritrea, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo were women
Chapter 2
Mauritania (14%)
Cape Verde (38%)
Senegal (19%)
Gambia (14%)
Guinea Bissau
Sierra Leone (14%)
Guinea (4%)
Ivory Coast
Liberia (20%)
Ghana (19%)
Burkina Faso (11%)
Benin (12%)
Togo (8%)
Nigeria (29%)
Cameroon Equatorial Guinea
Gabon (25%)
Legend
Percentage of women agricultural researchers
No data 0%
Republic of Congo (18%)
Central African Republic (19%)
South Sudan Somalia
Uganda (21%)
Rwanda (24%)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (9%)
Angola Zambia
Kenya (25%)
United Republic of Tanzania (25%)
Malawi (19%)
Zimbabwe (33%)
Namibia (38%)
Botswana (29%)
Swaziland (28%)
50%
South Africa (45%)
Lesotho (46%)
Source: Beintema and Stads (2014)
Mozambique (31%)
Madagascar (27%)
Ethiopia (10%)
Somaliland
Mali (22%)
Niger
Chad (7%)
Sudan (40%)
Eritrea (7%)
Mauritius (39%)
Impacts of conflict and disasters: Conflicts, civil wars, weather-related disasters and outbreaks of diseases such as the Ebola virus result in disruptions of food production, marketing and trade. These disruptions cause potential long-term damage to the health and well-being of the poor, especially women and children (IFPRI 2015). In a number of countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, the combination of conflicts, HIV/AIDS and migration have resulted in substantial increases in the female share of the agricultural labour force (FAO 2011).
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Conflict almost invariably has an impact on the availability and use of natural resources, including land and agricultural crops (Lukatela 2012). In rural settings particularly, where women directly depend on natural resources for their livelihoods and are most often
responsible for acquiring them in order to meet daily household needs, women tend to be disproportionately affected by conflict.
Agroecology and organic farming: The environmental impacts of the currently dominant intensive farming model of agriculture, together with the increasingly apparent effects of climate change, have led to widespread acknowledgement that a business-as-usual approach to agriculture is no longer tenable (IPES-Food 2016; IAASTD 2009). The former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Oliver De Schutter, among others, has identified global adoption of agroecology as the best way to meet food security goals (De Schutter 2014). In 2015 the global voluntary agreement on chemicals management, the “Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management”
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