Food Fish


Chapter 1


GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Chapter 4: Water Forest


to governments in terms of human rights. The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication states that “All parties should create conditions for men and women of small-scale fishing communities to fish and to carry out fisheries-related activities in an environment free from crime, violence, organized crime activities, piracy, theft, sexual abuse, corruption and abuse of authority. All parties should take steps to institute measures that aim to eliminate violence and to protect women exposed to such violence in small- scale fishing communities. States should ensure access to justice for victims of inter alia violence and abuse, including within the household or community” (FAO 2015).


Energy Chapter 2


Human rights violations in coastal communities range in scale and impact. Forced evictions are relatively common as coastal development and tourist development continues at a rapid rate. Conversion of common property and resources for private development or for conservation areas also occurs in coastal communities. In many countries, including China, Ecuador, Indonesia and Viet Nam, mangrove forests are being rapidly converted to commercial shrimp farms (Hamilton 2013). In Tanzania, conservation


Child labour practices are especially egregious in


fishing communities (Box 2.5.4). A review of fisheries in Bangladesh, El Salvador, Ghana and the Philippines showed that of all child labourers in those countries, 2-5% worked in fisheries with boys accounting for an estimated 90% of child labour in the sector; alarmingly, children constituted 9-12% of the total fisheries labour force (Allison et al. 2011). In Senegal, data suggest that around 29% of the total workforce in fisheries consists of children under the age of 15; children account for some 27% of crew members and 41% of those active in trade-related activities (ILO 2013; O’Riordan 2006). In a study in Pakistan, children represented 27% of workers employed in the fishing sector (Hai et al. 2010). In Thailand, an estimated 180,000 undocumented women from Myanmar worked in fishing and fish processing (EJF 2010).


Impacts of climate change: efforts that put


coastal lands off limits have decreased the availability of small-scale fisheries, with implications for food security and income-generating activities (Benjaminsen and Bryceson 2012).


Sea level rise, flooding, erosion and other impacts of climate change are already displacing millions of people globally (IPCC 2014). Sea level rise is particularly problematic for coastal communities. Not only does it result in loss of land, but also in contamination of near-shore water sources, increased erosion, and increased exposure to violent storms and wave surges. These impacts translate into lost livelihoods, property damage, forced migration and a variety of human rights violations.


Box 2.5.2: Gender, HIV/AIDS and fishing communities


People in fishing communities, many of whom are transient (Green 2015), are among the highest-risk groups for HIV infection in countries with high overall prevalence rates, averaging four to 14 times above national averages (MacPherson et al. 2012; Allison and Seeley 2004; Entz et al. 2000). These findings have been corroborated by epidemiological research in Uganda and Kenya (Opio et al. 2013; Asiki et al. 2011; Kwena et al. 2010), including a study in 2010 of Lake Victoria fishing communities in Uganda where HIV prevalence was three times higher than in the general population (Opio et al. 2013). Disproportionately high HIV rates have also been reported in fishing communities in South and Southeast Asia, Latin America and South America (Kissling et


140


al. 2005). In addition to overall rates exceeding the national average, women in fishing communities frequently have higher rates of infection than men. For example, in a study in Tanzania, women in the Pwani region were three times more likely than men to be HIV/AIDS-infected and those in the Tanga region were twice as likely to test positive (Torell et al. 2006). Both poverty and gender inequality can be correlated with the spread of HIV/AIDS in women. One of the key drivers of HIV in fishing communities is transactional sex (MacPherson et al. 2012). Unequal power and influence by women and girls in sexual relations means they are at special risk of infection. Women who are economically dependent on their husbands or other male fishers are less likely to be able to negotiate for safer sex; are more likely to exchange sex for money or favours; and are less likely to leave a relationship that they perceive as risky (Duwal et al. 2015).


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