2.4 SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Exposure (sources)
Heavy Metals lead, mercury, manganese, cadmium
Phthalates
plasticizers added to soften plastics; also found in cosmetics, toys, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices
Perfluorinated compounds (PFOS, PFOA)
used to make fabrics stain- resistant/water-repellant; in coating of cooking pans, floor polish, insecticides
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) flame retardants found in furniture foam, mattresses, textiles, and electronics
Octylphenol/nonylphenol surfactants
hormonal changes (A) altered puberty onset (A)
(H) evidence from human studies. (A) evidence from animal studies. decreased semen quality * (A) hormonal changes (A)
Potential female effects
Heavy Metals lead, mercury, manganese, cadmium
shortened anogenital distance (H) malformations of reproductive tract (A) hormonal changes (A) decreased semen quality * (A)
hormonal changes (A)
Potential male effects
hormonal changes (A) decreased semen quality * (A) decreased testes size (A)
(H,A) evidence from human and animal studies.
* decreased semen quality could include low semen volume, abnormal sperm shapes or motility, decreased sperm counts. ‡ - reduced fertility could include both infertility and increased time to pregnancy (reduced fecundity). r - menstrual irregularities could include short or long menstrual cycles, missed periods, abnormal bleeding, anovulation.
^ malformations of the reproductive tract: In males, could include shortened ano-genital distance in animals or hypospadias (humans), undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), small testicles (hypoplasia), and structural abnormalities of the epididymis. In females, could include small ovaries, reduced number of follicles (eggs), and structural abnormalities of the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and/or vagina.
Source: Luoma (2005)
young men in the general population had sperm counts in the subfertile range (Skakkebaek 2010; Guzick et al. 2001). Testicular cancer has increased 400% over the last 50 years in industrialized countries; by the early 2000s it was the most common cancer in men between 20 and 45 (Richiardi et al. 2004; Huyghe et al. 2003).
Structural factors in unsustainable consumption
Many large-scale social and economic forces drive unsustainable consumption and production, including:
Normative economic models The
model of growth that drives unsustainable
consumption and production is largely based on mainstream economic presumptions that continuous growth is possible even in closed systems such as the
planet (UNEP 2015a). The primary metric of mainstream economics, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), is a measure of output, income and spending (Economist 2016; Stiglitz et al. 2010). In all capitalist economies and in most global financial circles, the health of an economy and its “progress” are judged primarily by whether GDP continues to grow; indeed, most conventional economists define a healthy economy exclusively as one with a high rate of growth (Constanza 1989). Western governments and international financial institutions actively export this economic orthodoxy encouraging continuous consumption and production as the dominant economic policy for development. A number of scientists, economists and others have maintained for decades that infinite growth will be impossible on a finite planet (Sachs 2015; Shiva 2013; Brown 2011). The platform of the International Women’s Earth and Climate Initiative calls for “new economic structures and indicators that move us away from endless economic growth” (IWECI 2013).
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