stimulating) with functions of the hormonal system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny or (sub) populations (UNEP GEO 5). Endocrine disrupters are particularly implicated as a cause of breast cancer in women.


Environmental assessment: The process of


undertaking an objective evaluation and analysis of information designed to support environmental decision-making. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) are two types.


European Union (EU): The 27 EU Member States (the EU-27) consist of the EU-15 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) and the EU-N12 countries which joined the EU in 2004 (the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) and 2007 (Bulgaria and Romania).


Food security: Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on World Food Security, is the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Over the coming decades, a changing climate, growing global population, rising food prices, and environmental stressors will have significant yet highly uncertain impacts on food security (International Food Policy Research Institute).


Food sovereignty: The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems (Nyéléni Declaration, 2007). Its key components include the right to food, valuing farmers and farmworkers, local


production sustainability.


Forest management: The processes of planning and implementing practices for the stewardship and use of forests and other wooded land aimed at achieving specific environmental, economic, social and/or cultural objectives (UNEP GEO 5).


Gender equality: Refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into


and control, and environmental


Forest


plantations: Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. They are either of introduced species (all planted stands), or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: contain one or two species, are of similar age and regularly spaced (UNEP GEO 5).


Forest user groups (FUGs): Groups of people living in the vicinity of forests who are entrusted to manage and conserve them, develop forest resources and utilize forest products. FUGs are actively involved in a range of community forestry processes.


Fossil fuels: Coal, natural gas and petroleum products (such as oil) formed from the decayed bodies of animals and plants that died millions of years ago.


Free prior and informed consent (FPIC): The principle (recognized by a number of international bodies, conventions and international human rights law and increasingly in laws of State) that communities have the right to give or withhold their consent to proposed projects that may affect lands they customarily own, occupy or otherwise use.


Gender: Refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society at a given time considers appropriate for men and women. In addition to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, gender also refers to the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes (UN Women).


Gender-disaggregated information: Information collected and presented separately according to people’s gender. It typically includes the state of being masculine or feminine based on social or cultural identities, constructs and differences.


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