Energy


Chapter 2 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK


Bamboo-based biogas system are among the most affordable versions in India and Uganda. a) Traditional weaving skills are a basis for bamboo-reinforced biogas domes and can provide additional income for women; b) Clean gas is led into the kitchen to a gas stove for cooking. Photo credit for the left image: © WECF


Airborne pollution has become an especially pressing issue in countries where industrial growth has been rapid but environmental controls are weak. Technologies currently used in many rapidly industrializing countries produce high air pollutant emissions. Many premature deaths are caused by air pollution linked small particles and mercury emitted from coal-fired power plants. Emissions from these plants are associated with dozens of diseases including cancer and asthma (WHO 2013). A study of 16 Chinese cities revealed that emissions of PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometres or less in diameter) are significantly associated with mortality


Box 2.3.5: Average weight of fuelwood head-loads


Malawi, Tanzania and Botswana: 27-31 kg Ethiopia: 36 kg DR Congo: 25-50 kg South Africa: 24 and 38 kg in different regions Source: Matinga (2010)


from all causes, particularly cardiopulmonary diseases (Chen et al. 2012). There is preliminary evidence that women, children and older adults are especially vulnerable to PM10 and to PM2.5 (Villeneuve et al. 2015; Sacks et al. 2011).


“Even in high-income countries, many people live in fuel poverty, and throughout the world, increasingly sedentary lifestyles (to which fossil-fuel-dependent transport systems contribute) are leading to chronic disease and injuries”. The inability to pay for energy can result in poor thermal control of the home, inefficient heating and cooking equipment, an increase in sedentary lifestyles due to transportation costs, and health impacts of inadequate (sometimes entirely absent) home heating or cooling (EIGE 2012).


Nuclear energy and human health 92


Women and boys carrying fuelwood in Karoma, Rwanda 2016 Photo credit : © DaisyOuyaICRAF


Nuclear energy production leaves a legacy of lethal nuclear waste from mining operations, nuclear facility accidents, storage leaks, and decommissioned facilities. Uranium mining has a long history of devastating health and environmental impacts. Indigenous low-income communities have often suffered from expulsion from or pollution of their lands for mining (Box 2.3.6). The Navajo in the United States, for example, have paid a high price: a legacy of uranium contamination remains across Navajo lands in the southwestern United States, including over 500 now-abandoned uranium mines as well as homes and drinking water sources with elevated levels of radiation. Women’s health has been affected both directly through pollution of water sources and employment as mine workers, and indirectly through washing family members’ contaminated work clothes.


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