Chapter 2 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Table 2.1: Contribution of environmental factors to human health, 2012 Disease group


Total DALYs (‘000)


Infectious,


parasitic, maternal, neonatal and nutritional causes


Noncommunicable diseases


Injuries Total


790 449 206 480 154 587 77 628 1 478 459 337 728 19.6


37.6 22.8


seldom drawn (Koubi et al. 2014; Mildner et al. 2011; Kennedy 2001; Hartmann 1998).


Gender-differentiated vulnerability resulting from disasters, climate change, poverty and conflicts is related not only to health impacts, but also to access to and control over natural resources as well as access to basic services such as loans and credit, agricultural extension, market information, safe and affordable energy, and water and sanitation. The issue of vulnerability cuts across many of the assessed thematic areas, in the form of impacts due to gender inequality and pressures on natural resources and on progress towards sustainable development.


There is much interconnectivity among the issues assessed in this Global Gender and Environment Outlook, including land tenure in agriculture and food production; land grabbing for bioenergy and other agricultural projects, and pressures on forest land; competing water demands, including for agriculture, energy production, mining and drinking water supply; and the importance of biodiversity for food security, sustainable management of forest resources (including non-timber forest products), and marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of coastal communities. Often these issues have greater relevance than in the specific context where they are mentioned. For example, animal rights have a broader context than in livestock production, and herbicides are used not only in agricultural production but also in wide rural and urban contexts.


24


Global drivers and trends establish the overarching context of life on this planet. They are ideologically and culturally rooted and include gender norms. Moreover,


715 852 98 155 121 637 40 838 1 257 315 258 684 17.0


41.6 20.6


Source: Prüss-Ustün et al. (2016)


the forces that create environmental unsustainability have often been responsible for social inequality, prominently including gender inequity. The forces that shape ecological and social systems include: political systems; economic assumptions and the financial systems that operate on those assumptions; gender power relations; and conflicts. For a more comprehensive understanding of gender equality issues, the root causes of gender inequalities need to be examined: that is, socially constructed roles and responsibilities that have resulted in centuries of domination by “masculinist” attitudes and perceptions, definitions of problems, and setting of norms and values (thereby defining deviations from the norms).


Scarcity of gender-disaggregated data


Environmental-related gender-disaggregated data are crucial for gender and environment analysis. However, in all of the assessed environmental areas, there are very limited environment-related gender-disaggregated data that can show direct links between gender inequality and environmental changes.


Gender-disaggregated


data, where available, are often fragmented at the level of a country or group of countries, making it almost impossible to aggregate and compare some issues among different regions.


The lack of sufficient long-term (“longitudinal”) data is a further impediment to gendered environmental assessment. Correlations between gender and the environment may only become evident over long


481 530 Males DALYs


attributable to the


environment (‘000)


105 513


Percentage attributable to the


environment 21.9 443 308


Total DALYs (‘000)


Females DALYs


attributable to the


environment (‘000)


96 209


Percentage attributable to the


environment 21.7


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