Chapter 1 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Chapter 4: Women landowners Figure 1.5: Female agricultural landowners as percent of all agricultural landowners, 2000 - 2012 (Percentage of women landowners out of total land owners) Chapter 2


Bangladesh Ecuador Ghana Haiti


Honduras Mexico


Nicaragua Paraguay Peru


Tajikistan Vietnam


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage (%) Source: (FAO 2015)


use free and self-replicating seeds to purchasing patent- protected seeds that cannot be reused due to restrictions imposed by the manufacturer, are beyond their means (Borowiak 2004; Sahai 2004).


12


Access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing legislation has now become a critical element for securing rights in real terms and balancing the interests of marginalized farmers and indigenous groups against multinationals and other powerful actors. The Nagoya Protocol, which focuses on access and benefit sharing (ABS), potentially provides an important route by which governments and civil society groups could secure agrobiological resources and preserve practices which are critical for adaptation to climate change. At a minimum, ABS legislation can protect the right of communities to decide whether they will allow access to biological resources on their lands and provide for (and furnish links to) other protective measures. In the context of the gender-and-environment nexus, the roles women and men play in ecosystem functions related to agricultural production need to be better valued and integrated in policy and planning, particularly in the case of agricultural diversity, plant breeding, pest control, and ecosystem management and resilience. This includes recognizing traditionally unpaid and undervalued work, especially by women and girls.


Access to food, energy, water and sanitation


Unpaid domestic and care work by women and girls is particularly relevant in terms of their access to food, energy, water and sanitation. In both rural and urban areas, especially in urban slums and low-income neigh- bourhoods, lack of basic infrastructure and of energy, water and sanitation services leads to time poverty and social and economic pressures. Women tend to be the primary energy, water and sanitation managers for their households and families in most developing coun- tries. Together with children, they bear a disproportion- ate burden with respect to finding and fetching water and fuel (Grassi et al. 2015; UNICEF and WHO 2015; UNSD 2015; UN Women 2015; UNSD 2010).


The food and nutrition security of women and girls can be disproportionately compromised because women assume primary responsibility for feeding their families and often their communities, but often last and least. Although women produce a significant proportion of food in the developing world, mainly through small- holder farming, they often remain worse fed and more undernourished than men and boys because of cultur- al and social norms. Thus food and nutrition security for women and girls is of foremost importance. The productivity of women farmers also tends to be lower


70 80 90 100


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