Chapter 3 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Chapter 1


Box 3.5: Rwanda: linking gender and environment in national policies and budgets Chapter 4:


In Rwanda, poverty, gender, environment and climate change issues were successfully integrated in the national economic development and poverty reduction strategy. To ensure implementation, the Ministry of


Chapter 2


Finance and Economic Planning – supported by Rwanda’s Environment Management Authority (REMA) and the UNDP-UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative (PEI) – included an annex on environment and climate change budgeting in the annual budget call circular. It also adopted a national programme for gender-responsive budgeting, supported by the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, UN Women and UNDP. These efforts, along with support provided to REMA and women’s civil society groups to track adherence to budget guidelines and advocate for increased allocations, contributed to a 26.3% jump in Rwanda’s agricultural budget from 2009 to 2011 and an increase in the country’s average expenditure on environment and climate change from 0.4% of annual gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005-08 to 2.8% in 2008-12. The Rwandan government also established a national environment and climate change fund in 2012 with support from UNDP-UNEP PEI; the fund was later operationalized by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID). One project-funding criterion is impact on gender and youth. FONERWA’s output indicators include the number of people with improved access to clean energy (disaggregated by gender) and the percentage of projects demonstrating transparent community participation, and gender equality and equity, in the design and implementation phases. Projects currently include water-harvesting structures, which have the potential to reduce women’s workloads.


Source: UN Women and UNDP-UNEP PEI (2015)


with SIBs, for example in the Mexican state of Jalisco where the aim is to move single mothers out of poverty (Levey and Bloomgarden 2015).


Recognizing the role of civil society actors: NGOs played crucial roles in the early development of gender- and-environment analysis, policy and practice (Box 3.6). They continue to push forward progressive, gender- centered environmental agendas. The Women’s Major Group (WMG) was created at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, at which governments recognized women as one of nine groups in society important for the achievement of sustainable development. Since 1992 the WMG has been recognized by the UN in its sustainable development processes and, since 1996, in the processes of UNEP. WMG’s role is to ensure effective public participation by women’s non-governmental groups in UN policy processes related to sustainable development, post-2015 and environmental matters.


194


The Women and Gender Constituency (WGC) is one of nine UNFCCC observer stakeholder groups. Established in 2009 and granted full constituency status in 2011, it consists of 15 women’s and environmental civil society organizations which work to ensure that women’s voices are heard and that their rights are embedded in all processes and results of the UNFCCC for a sustainable and just future (so that gender equality and women’s human rights are central to the ongoing discussions). The group is now


able to make official interventions on the floor on behalf of women and gender equality (Raczek et al. 2010). It works to advocate for and promote women’s full and effective participation at all levels of decision- making. At COP21 it presented recognition awards for “Gender Just Climate Solutions”, including Gender Just Technical and Non-technical Solutions, as well as Transformational Climate Solutions (The Women and Gender Constituency 2015a).


Recognizing the potential of social media and technology: The communications connecting people around the world make it almost impossible for crises and significant social and environmental events to go unnoticed. Social media use by activists is increasingly creating borderless communities of concerned people. An ever-increasing number of social movements and activists use social media to maintain constituent engagement and raise consciousness. Postings on YouTube and Facebook have become essential ways to create awareness of environmental and social problems and abuses (Van Dijk 2013).


Nevertheless,


there is a considerable gender gap in access to digital technology and social media. In many parts of the world, use of mobile devices and computers is limited for women and girls – in some cases intentionally so by local legislation that prohibits them using these technologies (Al Jazeera 2016).


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238  |  Page 239  |  Page 240  |  Page 241  |  Page 242