2.5 MARINE AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS


Table 2.5.3: Countries most vulnerable to food security threats from ocean acidification


Vulnerability Ranking to Ocean


Acidification 1 2


3


4 5


6 7 8 9


10 Country Ocean Region


Cook Islands South Pacific Ocean New


Caledonia


Turks and Caicos Islands


Comoros Kiribati


Aruba


Southwest Pacific Ocean


Caribbean Indian Ocean


Central Tropical Pacific Ocean


Southern Caribbean


Faroe Islands North Atlantic Ocean Pakistan Eritrea


Arabian Sea Red Sea


Madagascar Indian Ocean Source: World Bank (2012)


the global consensus of attempting to keep average global warming below the 2°C target, pressing for a maximum increase of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In 2015 a global aspiration – but not a commitment – to limit this increase to 1.5°C was included in the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015).


The Aichi Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognize the severity of threats to marine systems. Target 14 also recognizes that the restoration and protection of ecosystems that provide essential services need to take into account “the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable” (CBD 2016). Overall, however, international policies and agreements relating to marine protection, the maritime environment and fisheries remain largely gender-insensitive.


From community to national levels, strategies and policies that define rights and responsibilities in the fisheries sector have to contend with endemic problems such as inequitable access to and control over resources, conflict within communities, unsustainable resource use, and weak participation of significant stakeholders such as the poor and women (Leisher 2016; Agarwal 2010). Women often use natural resources differently than men, yet they frequently have minimal influence on how local resources are managed. Evidence from South Asia, including a meta-analysis of community fisheries management, reveals that empowering more women in local fisheries decision-making leads to better resource governance and conservation and increases women’s social capital (Leisher 2016; Sultana et al. 2002).


Community-based women’s groups around the world are in the forefront in developing gender-sensitive policy agendas that protect marine livelihoods and ecosystems, while at the same time promoting gender equality. For example, the Shared Gender Agenda of the International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (2010) challenges existing models of development based on unsustainable extraction of natural resources and emphasizes the need to protect women’s access to fish and to protect the integrity of their small-scale artisanal fishing activities. The network of Locally- Managed Marine Areas in the South Pacific, in which women are deeply involved, emphasizes building the resilience and sustainability of local resources under local management (LMMA 2016). Small-scale fisheries not only provide livelihoods, but also represent ways of life where women’s traditional knowledge and cultural identity have a prominence rarely found elsewhere (Begossi 2010).


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