CHAPTER 3: OUTLOOK FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND JUST FUTURE – FROM BUSINESS-AS-USUAL TOWARDS TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE


Figure 3.2: Time spent per day on unpaid care work, by gender and region.


2 3 4 5 6


1 0


physical insecurity from armed men, including sexual violence, while carrying out daily tasks linked to the collection and use of natural resources; coupled with gender discrimination, conflict-related changes to natural resource access, use and control can significantly increase women’s vulnerability and undermine their recovery; land grabs by armed combatants dislocate both women and men, but women have less secure claims with which to resist takeovers or to reclaim land and resources in the post-conflict period; and failure to


recognize


MENA SA ECA LAC Europe EAP Men


Women Source: OECD (2014b) Recognizing gender – and beyond


Waring 1988). Time spent performing unpaid work represents less time possible for paid work; the more unpaid work women carry out, the less likely they are to obtain paid full-time employment, contributing to the overall result that they earn less than men (OECD 2014b).


Armed conflicts: Militarized conflicts are among the most globally significant drivers of both gender inequality and environmental destruction (Enloe 2016; Hynes 2014; Cohn et al. 2005; UNEP 2005). Globally armed conflict destroys environments, kills and maims many thousands of


people, disrupts communities,


enhances male privilege and power, and distorts budgets and diverts public finance from social and environmental priorities. The locus of war has moved from battlefields to urban and rural population centres, causing massive migration and creating crises of contaminated water, poor sanitation, inadequate health care, malnourishment, overcrowding and sexual predation in refugee camps (Hynes 2014; Garfield and Neugut 2000).


UN Environment has outlined some of the combined effects of conflict situations on women and environments (UNEP/UN Women/PBSO/UNDP 2013): women in conflict-affected settings (or even in highly militarized peacetime settings)


routinely experience


Transformation towards the future we want should benefit all people. Inclusiveness enhances effectiveness in all spheres of society. Striking the right balance between living well and living within the Earth’s environmental limits will require structural changes in institutions, practices, technologies, policies, lifestyles and thinking. This includes recognizing the importance of gender as both a social and environmental category and a force.


SSA NA the specific natural resource-related


challenges and opportunities for women in conflict- affected settings can perpetuate discrimination and exacerbate inequality in the peace-building period.


It will also require moving beyond


gender binaries: gender identities do not start or stop with “women” and “men.” Many individuals and recognized subcultures live outside this binary. Understanding environmental impacts and agency, and the relationships of cultures to the environment, needs to start with recognition of the importance and the complexities of the gender-and-environment nexus and then move further.


199


Unpaid care work (hours per day)


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