GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK


List of Figures Figure 1.1:


Figure 1.2: Figure 1.3:


Figure 1.4: Figure 1.5: Figure 1.6:


Figure 2.1:


Participation of women in three Rio Conventions .................................................................... 7


Percentage of gender-responsive GEF projects: regional comparisons, before (light brown) and after (dark brown) implementation of the 2011 gender policy ............................. 8


Percentage distribution of the water collection burden in Sub-Saharan African households without piped water on the premises, 2006-2009 ............................................... 9 Proportion of countries falling under the three tiers of women’s secure access to land ............ 11 Female agricultural landowners as percent of all agricultural landowners, 2000 - 2012 .......... 12


Percentage of women who reported difficulties in accessing health care, by wealth quintile, 2010-2013................................................................................................................ 14 GGEO methodological model ................................................................................................. 22


Figure 2.1.1: Shares of rural households that are female-headed and of agricultural land holders who are female, sample countries .......................................................................................... 35


Figure 2.1.2: Percentage of women interviewed who reported handling pesticides directly .......................... 38 Figure 2.1.3: Percentage of women who did not directly handle pesticides but washed pesticide- contaminated clothes by hand ............................................................................................... 38


Figure 2.1.4: In a sample of 37 Sub-Saharan African countries in 2011, 22% of agricultural researchers were women. Relatively more female researchers were employed in Southern Africa than in other sub-regions. 10% or fewer of agricultural researchers in West Africa, Eritrea, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo were women ....... 42


Figure 2.1.5: Gender of farm managers of organic and conventional farms in the EU in 2010, percentages 43 Figure 2.2.1: GLAAS survey of governments: Do national sanitation and drinking-water policies/ strategies include specific provisions to meet women’s needs, including menstrual hygiene management? .......................................................................................................... 54


Figure 2.2.2: Access to clean water ............................................................................................................ 57 Figure 2.2.3: Distribution of households by person responsible for water collection, by region and by urban and rural areas, 2005-13 (latest available) ................................................................ 58


Figure 2.2.4: Share of population using improved sanitation, 2015 ............................................................. 64 Figure 2.2.5: Urban and rural trends in sanitation coverage (%) .................................................................. 64 Figure 2.2.6: Ratio of treated to untreated wastewater reaching water bodies in ten regions. An estimated 90% of all wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated directly into rivers, lakes or oceans .......................................................................................... 65


Figure 2.2.7: Access to water and sanitation facilities by women and men in Mongolia, Nigeria and Niger . 65 Figure 2.3.1: The energy sector is responsible for the largest share of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change ....................................... 80


Figure 2.3.2: Global differences in per capita electricity consumption, 2015 ................................................ 81 Figure 2.3.3: Night-time satellite image indicates differences in countries’ access to electricity ..................... 82 Figure 2.3.4: Number of people who use biomass for cooking and do not have electricity .......................... 82 Figure 2.3.5: Global access to clean cooking facilities and to electricity ........................................................ 83 Figure 2.3.6: Opinions on increased use of fracking, United States, 2014. ................................................... 89 Figure 2.3.7: Number and share of premature deaths attributable to household air pollution, by disease .... 91 Figure 2.4.1: Ecological footprint of the United Arab Emirates by demand sector......................................... 105 Figure 2.5.1: Number of people in Iceland employed full-time as commercial fishers, 2004-14: male, female and % female .................................................................................................... 134


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Figure 2.5.2: Public warning about seafood for women and children ......................................................... 138 Figure 2.6.1: Shares of unprocessed forest products collected by women, men and both at global and regional levels .................................................................................................................. 153 Figure 2.6.2: Large-scale land transfers, 2004-09 ........................................................................................ 157


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