GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK


consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable people- centered development (UN Women).


Gender gap: Disparities between the condition or position of women and men in society, measured in various ways. For example, the “gender pay gap” refers to differences in average earnings. The World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index seeks to measure relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics.


Gendered: Reflecting or involving gender differences or, in some cases, stereotypical gender roles.


Genetically modified (GM): Derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, such as through the introduction of a gene from a different organism.


Globalization: Increasing integration of economies and societies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, and the associated transfer of culture, ideas and technology.


Heteronormative: Heteronormativity is an expression used to describe or identify a social norm relating to standardized heterosexual behavior, whereby this standard is considered to be the only socially valid form of behavior and anyone who does not follow this social and cultural posture is placed at a disadvantage in relation to the rest of society. This concept is the basis of discriminatory and prejudiced arguments against LGBT, principally those relating to the formation of families and public expression (UN Women).


Household air pollution (HAP): Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using solid fuels (i.e. wood, charcoal, coal, dung, crop wastes) on open fires or traditional stoves. Such inefficient cooking and heating practices produce high levels of household (indoor) air pollution that includes a range of health damaging pollutants such as fine particles and carbon monoxide (WHO).


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Hydro-social cycle: Unlike the hydrologic cycle (which focuses on the physical production and circulation of


water), the hydro-social cycle reflects water’s social nature. The hydro-social cycle describes the socio- natural processes by which water and society make and remake each other (Linton and Budds). The concept directs attention to how water is produced and the social power and equity relations in how it is used and distributed.


Improved drinking water source: One that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protects water from outside contamination, particularly from faecal matter.


Improved sanitation: Sanitation facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human contact.


Intensive agriculture: Intensive (also “industrial- scale” or “factory”) agriculture refers to practices that produce high output per unit area, usually through intensive use of, for example, manure, agrochemicals and mechanization. “Factory” farming often refers to livestock production on this scale, often under cruel conditions.


Intersectionality: The understanding that social roles and identities overlap and have intertwined effects. The identity of any individual reflects and is shaped by a range of social and cultural categories such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and religion (among others). Oppressions within society are enacted through these multiple and linked identities.


Land grabbing: Large-scale land grabbing is defined as “acquisitions or concessions that are one or more of the following: (i) in violation of human rights, particularly the equal rights of women; (ii) not based on free, prior and informed consent of affected land- users; (iii) not based on a thorough assessment, or in disregard of social, economic and environmental impacts including the way those impacts are gendered; (iv) not based on transparent contracts that specify clear and binding commitments about activities, employment and benefits sharing; and (v) not based on effective democratic planning, independent oversight and meaningful participation” (Tirana Declaration, 2011).


Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): A process promoting co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related to maximize


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