SCP


Cross-cut Chapter 3 GLOBAL GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Food Fish Chapter 1


While exposures to many chemicals pose a constant risk, there are windows of susceptibility for both women and men when these exposures can have critical effects in regard to development and disease (Table 2.4.1). For both girl and boy infants the weeks just before and after birth are high-risk, as is puberty for both; pregnancy, lactation and menopause are windows of susceptibility for women. Hormone- disrupting chemicals, in particular, can influence proper development of a multiplicity of organ systems and tissues, with those of the reproductive tract, brain and neuroendocrine system the most prominent. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can have effects on early development which are often irreversible but may not become evident until later in life (Prüss-Üstün 2016; WHO 2014; WHO and UNEP 2013; Kortenkamp et al. 2011).


Chapter 4: Water Forest Energy Chapter 2


Women’s global breast cancer incidence rates have increased dramatically in recent years. This trend


cannot


be


fully


explained


by


improvements


in


diagnosis or changes in established risk factors (e.g. age at menarche or menopause, genetic susceptibility, age of having babies). Increasing epidemiological evidence points to strong links between breast cancer and exposures to chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organic solvents, DDT/DDE (Cohn et al. 2007), bisphenol A (BPA) (Murray et al. 2007), polycyclic


aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols,


alkylphenols, phthalates, parabens, styrene, metals, phytoestrogens, chemicals in first- or second-hand smoke, and heavy metals such as cadmium (WECF 2016; WHO and UNEP 2013; Watts 2013; Kortenkamp 2008; Lynn 2007; Brody et al. 2007).


Male reproductive health is also influenced by chemical exposures, which can lead to diseases including testicular cancer and to subfertile semen quality (WHO and UNEP 2013). In studies conducted since 2001 in Germany, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, 20-40% of


Table 2.4.1: Fertility disorders are increasing in industrialized societies, many of which are associated with chemical exposures.


Exposure (sources)


Chemical Exposures During Development and Fertility/Fecundity Related Impacts Potential female effects


Potential male effects


Bisphenol A (BPA) monomer used to make polycarbonate plastic, resins


Chlorinated hydrocarbons dioxins/furans, PCBs, some


altered puberty onset (A) obesity (A)


malformations of the reproductive tract ^ (A) altered estrous cycle (A) reduced fertility ‡ (A) hormonal changes (H, A) (conflicting)


altered sex ratio (H,A) altered puberty onset (H)


Organochlorine pesticides DDT/DDE, linuron, others


Pesticides broad category that includes many classes of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fumigants


Cigarette smoke maternal smoking


DES


malformations of reproductive tract ^ (H,A)


108


altered hormone response (A) menstrual irregularities (H,A) reduced fertility ‡ (H,A) uterine fibroids (A) miscarriage (H)


delayed time to pregnancy (H)


altered sex ratio (H,A) altered puberty onset (A)


malformations of reproductive tract ^ (A)


altered sex ratio (H,A) altered puberty onset (A) malformations of reproductive tract ^ (H,A)


reduced fertility (A) decreased semen quality * (H)


malformations of reproductive tract ^ (H,A)


altered hormone response (A)


altered prostate development (A) decreased semen quality * (A) hormonal changes (A)


malformations of the reproductive tract ^ (H,A) (conflicting) decreased semen quality * (H,A) altered sex ratio (H,A) altered puberty onset (H)


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