2.4 SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ......................................................................... 103 Key Messages ................................................................................................................................ 103 The nature of consumption............................................................................................................ 104 Structural factors in unsustainable consumption ........................................................................... 109 Production and waste .................................................................................................................... 112 Transformational change – moving forward ................................................................................... 119 References ..................................................................................................................................... 121


2.5 MARINE AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS .......................................................... 131 Key Messages ................................................................................................................................ 131 “What we take out”: fish, fishing and livelihoods .......................................................................... 132 “What we put in”: contaminants and pollutants ........................................................................... 136 References ..................................................................................................................................... 144


2.6 FORESTS ........................................................................................................................................ 151 Key Messages ................................................................................................................................ 151 Forest resources: supporting lives and livelihoods .......................................................................... 152 Degradation of forest resources: increasing scale and impacts ........................................................ 153 Equal rights and participation – a key to solving forest degradation issues ...................................... 159 Biodiversity and forest management policy – towards a green economy and gender equality ....... 163 References ..................................................................................................................................... 167


2.7 IN A HIGHLY CONNECTED AND CHANGING WORLD: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES.............................. 173 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 174 Disasters ....................................................................................................................................... 174 Climate change ............................................................................................................................. 175 Conflicts ....................................................................................................................................... 176 Health ........................................................................................................................................... 179 References ..................................................................................................................................... 182


3 OUTLOOK FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND JUST FUTURE – FROM BUSINESS-AS-USUAL TOWARDS TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE .......................................................................................................... 187 Key Messages ......................................................................................................................................... 188 It is not “development” if it is not inclusive, equitable and sustainable .................................................... 188 Signs of progress in moving beyond business-as-usual towards the future we want ................................ 190 Large-scale structural forces holding back transformational change ........................................................ 196 References .............................................................................................................................................. 200


4 AN AGENDA FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE ............................................................................ 205 Gender equality and sustainable development – connecting the dots ...................................................... 206 Key conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 207 References .............................................................................................................................................. 211


ANNEX 1: GENDER-ENVIRONMENT DATASETS WITH BROADEST COUNTRY COVERAGE ...................... 212 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................................... 218


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