population. An example of this would be the Polish community living in Ireland. Ethnicity can be defined according to place of birth, religious belief and language. Unfortunately, throughout history, people have experienced discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity.
The most extreme example of prejudice against ethnicity is ethnic cleansing. Ethnic cleansing refers to the forceful removal of ethnic groups from a region, usually by murdering them. Examples of this include the murder of over 6 million Jewish people under the Nazi Party regime, or the murder of over 8,000 Muslims and expulsion of a further 25,000–30,000 Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars from 1992 to 1995.
Ethnic groups sometimes struggle to gain employment or progress through the Irish education system. The Irish government has attempted to address this issue through the introduction of the languages spoken by major migrant populations to the Leaving Certificate exam.
Racial Issues
Race refers to the biological inheritance of a person. In simpler terms, race is the division of humanity into groups based on their physical appearance, in particular skin colour. Racism is the belief that people are inferior as a result of their physical appearance or ethnic group. Racism ranges from verbal to physical abuse in which a racial community are stereotyped by the larger community. Ireland is not immune to racism, with racist attitudes being experienced by: l
l l l GEO DICTIONARY
Race: the biological inheritance of a person
Stereotype: a generalised or widely held belief about a group of people; this view is normally oversimplified or insulting
Migrants from Eastern Europe African and other ethnic groups Muslim and Jewish communities The Travelling community.
In order to prevent racism from escalating in Ireland, a national policy against racism was developed between 2005 and 2008. Its main five aims were to: l
Help migrants to participate fully in all areas of life l
Raise awareness of their identity and educate others on how to accept them
l l l
Include ethnic groups in all areas of Irish economic and social life Protect migrants with the same laws that protect Irish nationals
Provide all basic human needs, such as shelter, food, education, health, etc.
Unfortunately, racist attitudes throughout a number of EU countries have been on the increase in recent years, mainly due to political and media bias.
During the Euro Crisis, governments or aspiring political parties channelled the anger of their populations towards anti-immigrant sentiment. During recession, some political parties try to exploit people’s anger over increased debt, unemployment and poverty. Migrants become easy targets for blame, as a result of their cultural differences. This is further fuelled by actions committed in the name of religion by extremist groups, in which media reporting creates a sense of fear in relation to immigrants. For example, in the aftermath of the Paris attack in November 2015, many Irish tabloids ran headlines linking immigrants in Ireland to extremism and terrorism. These reports encourage racist attitudes in Ireland and the EU.
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ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
Why
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