CBD Inner city


Newly built housing estates


: Fig. 6.3 The doughnut effect empties the inner city of residents and factories, as they move to the urban fringes.


Industrial estates


causing the cities to expand further outwards into the countryside. When urban sprawl occurs, many people leave their homes in the inner city and move to the suburbs. This leads to what is known as the doughnut effect, as the areas surrounding the CBD are emptied. Those who remain in the inner city areas are typically older people who have lived in the area all their lives, or


often poorer people. As the wealthier population leaves, the city centre experiences inner city decline, with migrants moving to residential areas abandoned by the wealthier population.


Cultural and Environmental Issues


Associated with Urban Sprawl There are a number of both cultural and environmental issues associated with urban sprawl.


Cultural Issues l


The names given to new developments are often completely unrelated to the area in which these developments are built. This is done for advertising purposes, as housing estates are given names that make them sound more appealing. However, this has a negative cultural impact when traditional place-names are lost.


l


Often, new roads and developments damage ancient monuments or historically valuable sites. An example of this was the destruction of Carrickmines Castle during the building of the M50 motorway.


l


: Fig. 6.4 Ruins of Carrickmines Castle


Environmental Issues l


Increased air pollution and noise pollution are caused by car owners commuting to and from work.


l


As of 2015 there were 2.52 million cars on Irish roads, 1.95 million of which are privately owned (i.e. not used for business).


As a city grows outwards, natural habitats are destroyed. As natural land is cleared for construction, the habitats of wildlife are destroyed.


l


Poor planning can lead to some property developments being built on river floodplains. Examples of this can be seen all over Ireland, e.g. many houses built on the floodplains of the River Shannon were destroyed by flooding in the aftermath of Storm Desmond in 2015.


158 ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT


New dormitory towns and housing estates lack a sense of community, as most of their residents commute to and from the city each day for work. This leaves very little time for participation in community events.


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