terraced housing. These residents are better off than those who live in zone of transition. Population densities are high in zone three, with many of the people here working in zone two.
l
Zone Four: This is a middle-class residential zone comprising detached or semi-detached houses with their own gardens. The residents here are middle to higher class.
l
Zone Five: This zone is a commuter zone made up of towns and villages on the outskirts of the city. These are high-class residential areas, with many of the residents of this zone travelling to the CBD for work.
Limitations of Burgess’s Model l
The Burgess model is old and outdated and is not relevant to many of today’s cities. It was based on the cities of 1920s America, where many migrants had settled in the poorer inner city areas. This had led to social stratification, whereby people with similar incomes settled in the same areas, therefore dividing the city according to class.
l
Furthermore, an increase in car ownership, along with advances in transport mean that many people now live outside of the city and then commute to work. This way of living was not considered when Burgess developed this theory.
l
Burgess failed to take into account the impact that physical landscape has on urban development. In real life, rivers, hills and valleys all affect the development of land.
l
Industrial estates, business parks and shopping centres did not exist when Burgess developed his model, but have since become important features of modern urban development.
l
The wealth of urban dwellers does not always increase with distance from city centres. Redevelopment can mean that inner city areas are renovated into expensive apartments, while low-income local authority housing estates can be found on the urban fringes of cities.
Theory 2: Sector Model ; Fig. 5.10 Sector model
Homer Hoyt developed this model in 1939 after studying rents paid for housing by people in many cities. He believed that, by mapping rent values, a pattern of different types of land use could be seen in urban areas. Hoyt’s model was based on Burgess’s model; however, Hoyt also took into account the impact of transport links of land use. Hoyt’s theory shows that cities develop along major transport routes that extend out from the city, such as roads, railway lines and canals. As a result of this, Hoyt’s model shows that towns have grown in sectors or wedges that radiate out from the CBD, with each sector reflecting a different zone of land use and income. As with Burgess’s theory, income and status divided the society of cities at the time, meaning people of different
Central Business District Wholesale light manufacturing Low-class residential Medium-class residential High-class residential
140 ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
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