Adamstown in Dublin is the newest town in the country. It has a higher density of housing than previous towns in order to utilise space fully. Many new towns are centred around industrial estates that provide employment.


CASE STUDY F


Te Development of Historic Settlement in Dingle


Te OS map extract of Dingle, Fig. 4.35 on page 129, shows the evidence of historic civilisations. Tis evidence is discussed below.


Neolithic: New Stone Age Te earliest settlers of which there is evidence on the OS map of Dingle are the Neolithic people. Tese were Ireland’s first farmers and lived from 3500–2000 BCE. Evidence of Neolithic settlement can be seen through the several gallans (gallan: standing stone) dotted throughout the area. Examples include those at V 527 992, Q 491 025 and Q 526 029. Standing stones were used to mark burial sites or to mark the positions of the sun and stars. At Q 478 008 a standing stone exists on low-lying land. Neolithic people oſten chose these sites as the land was fertile and soils were easily worked for agriculture. Added to this, it is less than 500 m from the Garfinny River, which provided the settlers with fresh water and transport.


Megalithic tombs are located at Q 525 994 and Q 527 997, in an area of 200 m above sea level. Megalithic tombs were typically built on elevated sites and marked graves of the dead. Te tombs were constructed with large stones called megaliths (mega = large, lith = stones).


Celtic Settlement


Evidence of Celtic settlement can be seen throughout the Dingle area, with ring forts, fulacht fiadhs, ogham stones and a number of promontory forts visible on the OS extract. Te Celts arrived in Ireland around 500 BCE and quickly set up kingdoms, called tuaths, throughout Ireland. Te Celts were an aggressive and warlike people, preferring to live in tribes of small numbers. Te Celts built ring forts to protect themselves from attack from native Irish or other Celts. Oſten, these ring forts were located on elevated sites that offered protection and a bird’s-eye view of the surrounding countryside. Evidence of ring forts can be seen Q 423 043 and V 513 983.


Other Celtic evidence seen on the map includes ogham stones (cloch ogham), which can be seen at V 496 994; and fulacht fiadhs, which can be found at Q 469 001. Ogham stones marked the territorial boundaries of tuaths,, with lines out in the stone indicating the particular tribe. Fulacht fiadhs were the cooking places of Celts. Fulacht fiadhs were holes in the ground which were filled with water. Hot stones were inserted into the water, which heated it. Meat was then boiled in this water.


Along the coastline of Dingle, there is evidence of several promontory forts, such as those located at V 529 985 and V 478 986. Tese forts were built along cliff edges, as they were easier to defend.


102 ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT


Note!


In order to answer questions on historic settlement, it is useful to remember the acronym IDLE. These letters stand for Identify, Describe,


Locate and Explain. This means that you must identify the civilisation, describe their settlement habits, locate evidence of their settlement on the OS map and explain why they would have settled at that location.


For a 30-mark question, it is recommended you do this for three different settlements. Note that this Case Study is written in exam-answer style.


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