land values, in cities 148–9 laterite soils 43 Leinster, population increase 27 Lemass, Sean 24 lesser developed country, definition 15 life expectancy 11 linear/ribboned settlement 114, 115 Luas 164


M Mali 40, 41


manufacturing industry 43 marginal land 56 medical technology 57 Mediterranean Coast 29 megacity/megacities 88, 172 melting pot 81


Mesolithic (7000–3500 BCE) 96–7 Mexico 18 migrant 68 migration


barriers to migration 68, 70 changes in migratory patterns 74–6 definition 68 ethnic issues 81–2 forced migration 68 net migration 68 pull factors 68, 70 push factors 68, 69 racial issues 82 voluntary migration 68


Migration Policy (EU) 78–81 monopoly 57 Morocco 18


multi-denominational 84 Muslim countries, fertility rates 50


N


National Development Plans 117 natural resources 40


overuse in Sahel region 45–6 Neolithic (3500–2000 BCE) 87, 102 Netherlands 41 New Towns 1960 CE onwards 101–2 Newly Industrialised Economies (NIEs) 62 Niger, birth rates 44 niqab 84 Nord, The 29–30


Norman Settlement 1169 CE 100 North America 7


nucleated/clustered settlement 114, 115 O


Ogham stone 98 optimum population 42 outmigration 24, 25, 29, 30, 47–8 overcropping 46 overgrazing 45–6 overpopulation 40, 41 and conflict 47–8 definition 41 effects of 46–8 impact of technology 55–7 influence of society and culture 49–50 and migration 47–8


possible solutions 48–9 wealth and income levels 52


P Pakistan 50 Paris 30 peak land value intersection 148 percolation 43 pesticides 56 physical factors climate 6 drainage 6


and population distribution/density 24 relief 5 resources 7 soils 6


physiological density 9 planning issues 145–6 Plantation Town Settlements 1500–1700 CE 100–1 polygamy 83 population birth rates 10 death rates 10 developed countries 61 developing countries 62 and development rates 61–2 measurement of change 10 natural decrease 10 natural increase 10 optimum population 42 world growth 3 population density 4, 5, 7, 41 in France 29–30 in Ireland 4, 24 in Sahel region 6, 7 population displacement 8 population distribution 3–4 factors influencing 4–9 in France 29–30 human factors 7–9 in Ireland 24 physical factors 5–7 population growth 55–7 population pyramids 20–2 poverty and population 52 prehistoric settlement 96–8 preventative medicine 45 primate city 24


Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 51 promontory fort 98 Purdah, women and 51–2


R racism, definition 73 range 111


receiver/host region 68, 72–3 refugees 45, 68, 69, 78, 81 religion, and birth rates 15, 49–50 remittance money 71, 73 replacement rate 22 resource-based industry 116 resources, and population density 7 rezoning 134


right-wing political parties 79 Romania 12, 13–15


186 ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT


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