CASE STUDY F
Germany and Ethiopia Te effects of wealth levels on population can be seen through different demographic trends in Germany and Ethiopia. In 2008, Ethiopia and Germany had similar populations of 82 million people. However, since that time, the population growth in these two countries has differed drastically. Germany’s population has fallen by 1 million to 80.6 million, while Ethiopia’s population has risen rapidly to 101.6 million. Germany’s regressive population signifies its position in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transitional Model. As can be seen in the table below, women in Germany begin having children at a much later stage in life, meaning that fewer children will be born, i.e. lowering the Total Fertility Rate (TFR). At 1.43 per woman, the TFR of Germany is much lower than the 2.3 replacement rate. Tis occurs as couples delay having children in order to finish education and become established in their chosen professions. Te widespread availability of family planning means that families budget for the number of children they can afford to rear at an adequate standard of living.
Ethiopia
Population growth rate Birth rate Death rate
Net migration Mean mother age
Infant mortality rate Fertility rate
HIV/AIDS: % / No.
Risk of infectious disease Average years in education Child labour: % / No.
2.89 % per year
37.66 births per 1,000 11.28 deaths per 1,000 –0.23 migrants per 1,000 19.6 years old
55.77 deaths per 1,000 5.23 births per woman
Germany –0.18 % per year
8.42 births per 1,000 11.29 deaths per 1,000 1.06 migrants per 1,000 29.2 years old
3.14 deaths per 1,000 1.43 births per woman
1.3% prevalence / 758,600 people 0.1% prevalence / 67,000 people Very high 7 years
53% / 10,693,164
Very low 16 years 0% / 0
In Germany, the average cost of raising a child to the age of 18 is €210,000, meaning having more children brings additional economic pressure. As fewer children are being born, the population of Germany is ageing. Tis is known as ‘greying’ and it has long-term implications for the economy of the country, such as the provisions of pensions and healthcare. As Germany’s percentage of over-65s (currently 21 per cent) continues to rise, a number of economic pressures must be dealt with. First, with fewer children being born, there will no longer be enough economically active people to pay for pensions or healthcare for the elderly. However, if taxes are raised to compensate, the income of the economically active is reduced and couples will be further deterred from having children. As a result, Germany now relies on immigration of economically active migrants to counteract the labour deficit and ensure a wide tax base.
OVERPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT 53 GEO DICTIONARY HIV: human
immunodeficiency virus – a virus that attacks the immune system, the body’s natural defense system
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome – a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s immunity, lowering the resistance to infection and disease
A
Z
Elective 5: Human CHAPTER 2
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