Promoto requires that motorcycle manufacturers reach the same standards as car manufacturers. Reducing the sulphur content in diesel fuel reduces air pollution and ultra-low sulphur diesel is now available in São Paulo. Tese policies have helped to reduce the level of air pollution by 21 per cent over a four-year period.
Traffic Congestion
: Fig. 6.23 Air pollution in São Paulo
Traffic congestion is another major problem in São Paulo. A traffic jam of 293 km occurred one day in the city in 2009. Congestion such as this is caused
by a rapid increase in car ownership, with over 1,000 cars being bought every day in the city. Te city is a focal point for many roads, which leads to large volumes of traffic passing through each day, reducing the average speed of travel in the city to just 17 km/h.
Operation Rota (Operação Rodízio) was introduced to tackle traffic congestion, meaning that cars were prohibited from being driven one day a week based on the last digit of their licence plate number. A 20 per cent reduction in traffic volume is anticipated under this system. To date, 90 per cent of the population has abided by the rules which, in turn, has reduced air pollution by 15 per cent.
Shanty Towns (Favelas)
: Fig. 6.24 Favelas in São Paulo
Roughly 20 per cent of São Paulo’s population live in shanty towns/favelas which lack sanitation, water and health services, and have a high crime rate. Tese favelas initially formed in areas as a result of social stratification. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the wealthier population lived in the higher central districts of the city, while the poor were concentrated along floodplains and railway lines. However, since then the growing migrant population has led to favelas spreading throughout the city. It is estimated that 60 per cent of all population growth in São Paulo since the 1980s has been absorbed by favelas. Te government removed favelas from the more valuable parts of the city. Tis has led to many large favelas being located on the periphery of the city.
Tere are a number of issues associated with favelas: l
l
Rubbish collections are not possible in favelas because of the narrow streets. Tis leads to a high risk of fire and the spread of disease.
Favelas are constantly growing in São Paulo because accommodation there is cheap and close to the workplaces of much of the population.
In order to provide energy for homes in favelas, the authorities have developed a method of burning methane from landfill sites – which provides power to 7 per cent of the city’s homes.
174 ELECTIVE 5 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
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