Progressive


A progressive pyramid can be identified by its wide base and narrow peak. With each increase in age group, the population decreases, causing the pyramid to narrow quickly. This shape signifies a low life expectancy with high birth rates and high death rates. This is typical of countries in Stages 1–3 of the DTM.


Stationary


A stationary pyramid indicates a developed country in Stage 4 of the DTM, e.g. Ireland. This pyramid has a blockier shape as all age groups account for an approximately equal percentage of the population. A relatively narrow base suggests lower birth rates while a wider peak indicates a longer life expectancy than countries with progressive pyramids.


Regressive


Regressive pyramids represent a developed country in Stage 5 of the DTM. A regressive pyramid indicates a country suffering from low birth rates. The middle of the pyramid bulges, while the peak is wide, indicating that the population is old or greying. As the population is old, there are not enough births to replace the economically active sector, which creates issues regarding payment of taxes and pensions.


CASE STUDY F


Population Pyramid of Japan


Japan has passed through the DTM rapidly, which can be seen in the changing population pyramids of the country.


In 1950 Japan’s population pyramid was progressive, since the country was in Stage 2 of the DTM. At this time, Japan’s families were much larger and 35 per cent of the population was aged 0–14. Less than 5 per cent of the population was aged 65 and over, as life expectancy was much lower than it is today.


Japan – 2014 Male


90–94 95–99 100+


70–74 75–79 80–84 85–89


10–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69


0–4 5–9


5 4


Population (in millions)


3 2 1 0 0 Age group : Fig. 1.23 Population pyramid of Japan 1 2 3 4


Population (in millions)


By 2007 Japan had progressed to Stage 4 of the DTM, with its population pyramid changing from progressive to stationary. Te base of the model was narrower, as family sizes had decreased due to high levels of education among women and a culture of family planning. By now, the percentage of the population over the age of 65 was far greater than those under the age of 14.


As of 2016 Japan remains in the stationary pyramid shape, although it continues to take on an ‘inverted shape’, as the ‘bulge’ moves further upwards, towards the peak of the pyramid.


5 Female


Inverted: upside down GEO DICTIONARY


POPULATION CHANGE OVER TIME AND SPACE


21


A


Z


Elective 5: Human CHAPTER 1


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