SKIN CARE
to an elevated presence of (pro)filaggrin, as seen in the difference in red colour compared with the control, the epidermal skin model which was not treated with Lactococcus ferment lysate. Histological pictures were made (magnification 400x, Fig. 2).
Caspase-14 Reduced expression of caspase-14 is associated with increased TEWL, indicating that caspase-14 is vital for the quality of the skin’s barrier function. In this context, caspase-14 has been described to be of vital importance in the maintenance of normal and healthy keratinocyte differentiation, cornification, the architecture of the stratum corneum, and even the formation of the cornified envelope, especially under skin barrier- challenging conditions. As described above, elderly skin shows a lack of ability to properly react to external challenges, making caspase-14 an extraordinarily important element of anti-ageing skin care.
Antibody IgG isotype antibody (Genetex, GTX85087). Retrieval of the antigen was done by trypsin pre-treatment (37°C; 20 min).
Results Treatment of the growing epidermal skin model with Lactococcus ferment lysate led to a clear activation in the production of caspase-14, as seen in the marked difference in red colour compared with the control, the epidermal skin model which was not treated with Lactococcus ferment lysate. Histological pictures were made (magnification 400x, Fig. 3).
Keratinocyte cohesion Reduced keratinocyte cohesion, i.e. ‘attachment’ is a well-described phenomenon in elderly skin. This phenomenon can be analysed with a technology named Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS). ECIS is an automated non-invasive method to monitor cell behaviour. The principle behind ECIS
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 Time (hours) Figure 5: Increase in keratinocyte cohesion with 0.1% ProRenew Complex CLR. 5 6 7 Cell cohesion
with Lactococcus ferment lysate showed a steep increase as compared to the impedance measured on the cells treated with control (Fig. 5). This indicates that Lactococcus ferment lysate was able to positively influence cell cohesion. Interestingly, the plateau in the difference in impedance with control, which was reached after approximately three hours, was stable over the following hours, demonstrating that, as compared to control, the positive influence of Lactococcus ferment lysate leads to a sustainable improvement in cell cohesion. This suggests that Lactococcus ferment lysate may have a significant impact on the quality of skin.
Figure 4: Increase in impedance while cell cohesion is established as measured with ECIS.
measurement in this study with Lactococcus ferment lysate is that in the process of reaching confluence (a well- established cellular network of keratinocytes, where they are anchored to each other, resembling the bottom left part of Fig. 4) the impedance, the electrical resistance of the keratinocyte-system, increases until it reaches a plateau. In the process of reaching confluence, the keratinocytes build a cellular network during which cell cohesion is increased.
Method Human keratinocytes were seeded in an electrode array chip for 24h, after which, at t=0, 0.1% Lactococcus ferment lysate and control were applied. The impedance was recorded as a function of time. Impedance measured after application of control was set at 0%.
Results
Lactococcus ferment lysate and control were applied before the keratinocytes had reached confluence. Within the first hour after applying the substances, the impedance measured on the cells treated
Antimicrobial defence Epidermis actively manages the composition of the resident microflora on top of the skin. In doing so it prevents exogenous pathogenic bacteria from colonising and invading the skin. Differentiating keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which contribute to the skin’s antimicrobial defence. The production of AMPs is considered to be a constituent of healthy and effective keratinocyte differentiation and, as such, is co-regulated with all other events in this process, including the production of vital components of cornification as described above. Skin barrier disruption, a constant phenomenon as skin is permanently challenged by external factors, has been shown to lead to a rapid loss of AMPs from the stratum corneum. The failure of elderly skin to properly react to these external challenges means that it has difficulties in re-obtaining a healthy AMP pool and, therefore, maintaining a healthy microbiome on top of the skin. Additionally, it has been shown that skin ageing leads to a reduced production of AMPs, particularly cathelicidin. Conversely, it was reported that the support of barrier repair leads to an elevation of the production of AMPs.
Defensin-1 (BD-1) BD-1 is constitutively produced and released from differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes, and shows strong antimicrobial effects against Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as yeast (e.g., Candida albicans). Interestingly, apart from its role as an antimicrobial, BD-1 has been shown to be an active component in the differentiation process in the epidermis. It is, for instance, described as playing a vital role in the formation of the tight junctions in the stratum granulosum. Other publications have described the role of BD- 1 in other aspects of the differentiation
September 2015 PERSONAL CARE 65
Increase in impedance (%)
Impedance
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92
