60 MARINE INGREDIENTS
PREADIPOCYTES 1
MATURE ADIPOCYTES 2
PREADIPOCYTES 5
MATURE ADIPOCYTES 6
3
4
7
8
Figures 3: Microscope images of UCP1 expression in preadipocyte cultures (left 1) and mature adipocytes (right 2), without treatment (upper 3) and treated with the Tisochrysis lutea extract (lower 4) (UCP1 is clearly visible as yellowish-red stains).
1. Induction of UCP1 (ubiquitous uncoupling protein 1) expression in white and inactive beige adipocytes. This – quite recently found - third type of adipocyte in humans (beige) are bifunctional cells, meaning that, when they are inactive, their morphology is very similar to that of white adipocytes (unilocular, with few mitochondria) and they have a low basal level of UCP1 gene expression and normal cell respiration. However, with suitable stimulus they undergo a “browning” process, becoming multilocular with an elevated number of mitochondria. This means that they become metabolically active, the expression of UCP1 increases dramatically, and thermogenesis is activated, thereby increasing the burning of fatty acids to sustain increased respiration. 2. Increase in β-oxidation of fatty acids via the activation of thermogenesis. Fatty acids are essential for the activation and functioning of UCP1, and they are oxidised in the β-oxidation cycle in order to fuel cellular respiration. In cells that lack UCP1, the proton gradient can only be dissipated through ATP formation;
150 150% 118% 150 100 114% 62% 50 50 0
0.14% Active
0.28% Active
0.56% Active
0 40% 100
Figure 4: Microscope images of active mitochondria in the subcutaneous preadipocyte cultures (left) and mature adipocytes (right) without treatment (upper) and treated with the active (lower). The active mitochondria are stained with the specific marker.
thereby supplying the energy necessary to produce ATP. However, when high levels of ATP are present in the cell, the transport of protons through ATP synthase decreases and the oxidation of fatty acids halts. The presence of activated UCP1 therefore allows the acceleration of cellular respiration even when there is an elevated level of ATP in the cell, generating ATP (respiration) and heat (thermogenesis).5
UCP1 expression alone is insufficient to burn fat. Its activation, together with the subsequent stimulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, is necessary to activate thermogenesis6
and as a consequence,
increase cellular respiration. This results in a greater consumption of lipids – that is, the induction of a fat-burning effect. So, the activation of both mechanisms
allows effective metabolic stimulation through thermogenesis, thanks to the browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue, which leads to a greater consumption of lipids – that is, the induction of a fat-burning effect.
200 173%
In vitro methods ■ Evaluation of the active’s potential
This means that increasing
for inducing the differentiation of beige preadipocytes to mature and active beige adipocytes: Preadipocytes from human subcutaneous adipose tissue were incubated with the studied ingredient for the first seven days of development, followed by seven days incubation in a standard differentiation medium until their complete maturation. ■ Evaluation of the active’s capacity to convert inactive beige adipocytes into active ones and/ or interconvert mature white adipocytes into active beige adipocytes. A culture of human subcutaneous a priori white mature adipocytes was treated for two weeks. The cells used were isolated from the subcutaneous tissue of volunteers. ■ Evaluation of the expression of the UCP1 protein: immunocytochemistry. The expression of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) protein was also evaluated (since it is an indicator of biogenesis of new mitochondria in cells) with a specific marker, MitoTracker Red.
0.16% Active
0.32% Active
0.64% Active
Figure 5: Increase in fatty acid oxidation in a priori white preadipocytes and a priori white mature adipocytes treated with the Tisochrysis lutea extract, compared with the control. CCPM = corrected counts per minute.
PERSONAL CARE September 2021
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