HYGIENE


performance. The objective of the next section is to provide an initial guidance on the parameters that have an impact on the cleaning results, that should be tracked during the cleaning operation. Following this, a more in-depth overview


of the different cleaning methods is provided, as well as some indications on how to best optimise the cleaning procedures, taking into consideration the possible limits of the equipment available onsite.


Basics on cleaning parameters - Sinner Circle Parameters influencing cleaning are simply described within the Sinner Circle.4 To achieve a right first-time cleaning, the


effects of the four parameters must form the complete circle, compensating for each other when one segment is less effective, the others compensate. Below some considerations on each of these


parameters:


■ Temperature ■


In general, the quality of cleaning results


increases with a higher temperature. Trends for saving energy and worker safety led to


efforts to lower the temperature for cleaning. ■


Lower cleaning temperatures are also recommended for some product residues


such as, starch and other carbohydrates. ■


This can be circumvented by using an


automated cleaning system allowing for free New state-of-the-art formulations of


selection of the cleaning temperature. ■


personal care cleaning agents even allow for cleaning of cosmetic products (also with high pigment concentrations), within a lower temperature range (60-70 degrees Celsius).


■ Time ■


The need for increased production


capacities is pushing the industry to optimise cleaning cycles. Cycles that were developed in the past tend to have long cleaning times to ensure quality. Those cleaning cycles were never optimised to


increase productivity. ■


Multiple, short cleaning cycles are to be preferred for products containing TiO2/FeOx


to avoid shadowing in the equipment. ■


Different cleaning times can be expected


for cleaning during campaigning (cleaning between batches of the same product) or cleaning between different products.5


■ Chemistry ■


Specifically developed chemistry is


recommended to remove residues from personal care products. The typical soiling requires high levels of detergency and other cleaning active ingredients (e.g. solubiliser,


complexing agents and many more). ■


It is not recommended to use standard


products form Food and Beverage industries as these cleaning products are designed to clean residues that contain much less hard to clean residues, as mentioned in the section entitled “Specific cleaning challenges in Personal Care industry” earlier in this article.


■ Mechanical action ■


Mechanical action is often defined by the equipment instrumentation. A wide variety


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39


Before Cleaning


After cleaning with a nonspecific detergent, at 80°C


of operations can be found in the industry, from dedicated CIP systems designed for a defined product, to simple vessels without any cleaning equipment which are cleaned


by soaking them in their entirety. ■


Even with automated processes, it is seen


in practice that a lot of manual cleaning applications are still used. This manual cleaning varies from high pressure lances used for washing, to the use of a water hose for rinsing or using tools like sponges, brushes and mops inside the manufacturing equipment. All these different applications have different mechanical actions and operator safety should be considered when determining the manual cleaning process needed.


The main cleaning methods: indications for an optimised procedure CIP Cleaning CIP (Clean in Place) in a recirculation system is an industry standard today. The CIP fluid is recirculated across the object ensuring constant temperature, flow and chemical concentration. CIP cleaning of equipment or pipeline


circuits is defined as cleaning without disassembling or opening of the equipment, and with little or no involvement on the part of the operator. Manual prewashing of production equipment by the operator should not be part of a well-engineered CIP cleaning program. One CIP system can deliver cleaning solutions to different objects. As an example, one CIP system in a personal care manufacturing site is delivering the cleaning solution to more than 30 storage and intermediate bulk tanks to make sure that the cleaning with the correct detergent and temperatures can start immediately after the tank is empty. CIP cleaning is all about energy transfer. Within a CIP program, the right energy to remove the soiling from the equipment needs


Figure 5: Sinner Circle.


to be identified. To demonstrate a possible configuration, see the PID in Figure 7. Cleaning that uses the optimal time,


temperature, flow rates and amount of detergent is the result of an engineered CIP cleaning cycle. The basis parameters of an effective cleaning regime can be analysed with laboratory bench scale studies. These studies identify which detergent delivers the most effective cleaning, at what temperature and for how long. The parameters gained from laboratory trials are usually the basis for developing the full CIP cycle. Validation of an effective CIP cleaning is


easily achievable, because the cleaning process is identical every time. To keep this constant a change control as well as maintenance for the CIP system itself should be installed. Reusing rinse water within the cleaning


process is also an option, allowing for a more ecological and economical process. Adding a CIP system to existing equipment


can necessitate a high investment and can be difficult to execute, which can be considered a disadvantage of such a system. When CIP cleaning is not possible, the


January 2021 PERSONAL CARE


After cleaning with a special formulated detergent, at 80°C


Figure 4: Stainless steel coupons to compare cleaning performances of a nonspecific detergent and a detergent formulated specifically for removing high mineral loads.


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