In Mali, for example, arid and semi-arid con-


ditions and changing desert boundaries have oſten led to deadly clashes between agricultural farmers and pastoralists. In addition, policies favoring agricultural expansion to the detriment of pastoralists, restrictions on the access to nat- ural resources, the use of repressive force by the government, and the perception that the gov- ernment misappropriated international human- itarian aid for drought have all been factors that


have unmistakably deepened the grievances of pastoralists.17 A conflict in Mawai in 2012 also coincided with


a regionwide drought that affected 3.5 million people. Te combination of both the drought and the political turmoil eventually led to the displace- ment of nearly 300,000 people, including more than 160,000 who fled to neighboring Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mauritania. With tens of thou- sands of cows and sheep wiped out by the drought


FIGURE 2 Frequency of violent civil conflict events and severity of climate- and weather-related disasters in Africa, 2000–2014


VIOLENT CIVIL CONFLICT EVENTS


0−1 2−10 11−25 26−50 51−100 101−250 251−500 501−1,000 >1,000


PEOPLE AFFECTED BY CLIMATE- AND WEATHER-RELATED DISASTERS (’000)


0−10


11−100 101−500 501−1,000 1,001−2,500 2,501−5,000 5,001−10,000 10,001−20,000 >20,000


Source: Authors’ estimation based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project and the International Disaster Database (accessed Octo- ber 4, 2014).


Note: Climate- and weather-related disasters include droughts, extreme temperatures, floods, storms, wildfires, and insect infestations. 54 HOWDOWEBREAKTHE LINKS?


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