6 A. Bouet, D. Laborde, and L. Deason, “Global Trade Patterns, Com- petitiveness, and Growth Outlook,” in Promoting Agricultural Trade to Enhance Resilience in Africa, ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2013, edited by O. Badiane, T. Makombe, and G. Bahiigwa (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).
7 O. Badiane, S. Odjo, and S. Jemaneh, “More Resilient Domestic Food Markets through Regional Trade,” in Promoting Agricultural Trade to Enhance Resilience in Africa, ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2013, edited by O. Badiane, T. Makombe, and G. Bahiigwa (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).
8 African Union, “Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods,” in Assembly of the Union: Decisions, Declarations and Resolution (Addis Ababa: 2014).
9 Ibid.
10 African Union, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, 2nd edition, popular version (Addis Ababa: 2014).
11 O. Badiane, S. Odjo, and S. Jemaneh, “More Resilient Domestic Food Markets through Regional Trade,” in Promoting Agricultural Trade to Enhance Resilience in Africa, ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2013, edited by O. Badiane, T. Makombe, and G. Bahiigwa (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).
12 I. Ramdoo, “EPAs: Frequently Asked Questions,” Economic Part- nership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 40–42.
13 K. De Gucht, “Commissioner De Gucht on Economic Partnership Agreements,” Economic Partnership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 5–9.
14 F. Njehu, “Maneuvering at the Margins of an EPA Deadlock: Has the EAC Bowed Down to EU Pressure?” Economic Partnership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 24–26.
15 K. Sylla, M. Cissoko, and M. L. Cisse, “The EPA: A Political Agree- ment Detrimental to Economic Development and Cooperation between Europe and Africa,” Economic Partnership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 15–17. For a more detailed discussion of possible tariff revenue losses, also see L. Fontagne, D. Laborde, and C. Mitaritonna, “An Impact Study of the Economic Partnership Agreements in the Six ACP Regions,” Journal of African Economies 20, no. 2 (2010): 179–216.
16 R. Davies, “The SADC EPA and Beyond,” Economic Partnership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 10–11.
17 S. Bilal and I. Ramdoo, Economic Partnership Agreements and Beyond, ECDPM’s Great Insights 3, no. 9 (2014): 3–4.
18 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa,” accessed November 14, 2014,
www.cdc.gov/vhf/ ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/
index.html.
19 World Bank, The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short and Medium Term Estimates for Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (Washington, DC: September 27, 2014).
20 Reuters, “Food Prices Up 24 Percent in Ebola-Hit Countries: WFP,” October 17, 2014,
www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/17/health-ebo- la-westafrica-idUSL6N0SC2SR20141017; and International Fund for Agricultural Development President Kanayo Nwanze’s remarks at an October 13, 2014, press conference,
http://webtv.un.org/media/ watch/kanayo-nwanze-ifad-agricultural-development-press-con- ference/3837113090001, accessed October 20, 2014.
21 World Food Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food Security and Humanitarian Implications in West Africa and the Sahel, Joint Note 57 (Rome: 2014).
22 International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Sa- haran Africa: Staying the Course (Washington, DC: 2014).
23 A. Bouet, D. Laborde, and L. Deason, “Global Trade Patterns, Com- petitiveness, and Growth Outlook,” in Promoting Agricultural Trade to Enhance Resilience in Africa, ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2013, edited by O. Badiane, T. Makombe, and G. Bahiigwa (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).
24 Ibid.
25 D. Tschirley, T. Reardon, M. Dolislager, and J. Snyder, “The Rise of a Middle Class in East and Southern Africa: Implications for Food System Transformation,” WIDER Working Paper 2014/119 (Helsinki: United Nations University World Institute for Development Eco- nomics Research, 2014).
Middle East and North Africa
1 We define the MENA region as the 21 current member states of the Arab League of Nations, plus the currently suspended mem- ber Syria. This chapter mainly focuses on low and middle income MENA countries.
2 Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Reports: Syria, accessed Sep- tember 2014,
http://country.eiu.com/syria.
3 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://data.unhcr. org/syrianrefugees/
regional.php.
4 Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Reports: Egypt, accessed Sep- tember 2014,
http://country.eiu.com/egypt.
5 Reuters, “Egypt to Raise Fuel Prices by Up to 78 Percent from Mid- night: Source,” July 4, 2014,
www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/04/ us-egypt-energy-idUSKBN0F91YG20140704.
6 Reuters, “Morocco Ends Gasoline, Fuel, Oil Subsidies,” January 17, 2014,
www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/17/ morocco-economy-subsidies-idUSL5N0KR2EV20140117.
7 L. James, Recent Developments in Sudan’s Fuel Subsidy Reform Process, IISD Research Report (Geneva: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2014),
www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/ files/ffs_sudan_lessons_learned_jan_2014.pdf.
8 A. El-Beltagy, Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, per- sonal Interview with author, Cairo, Egypt, September 10, 2014.
124
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