7 G. Østby, H. Urdal, M. Murshed, Z. Tadjoeddin, and H. Strand, “Population Pressure, Inequality and Political Violence: A Disag- gregated Study of Indonesian Provinces, 1990–2003,” Journal of Development Studies 47, no. 3 (2011): 377–398; and M. Brückner, “Population Size and Civil Conflict Risk: Is There a Causal Link?” Economic Journal 120, no. 544 (2010): 535–550.
8 P. Collier and A. Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (2004): 563–595; and J. A. Piazza, “Pov- erty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism,” Journal of Peace Research 48, (2011): 339–353.
9 H. Urdal, The Devil in the Demographics: The Effect of Youth Bulges on Domestic Armed Conflict, 1950–2000, Social Develop- ment Papers 14 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004); H. Urdal, “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 3 (2006): 607–629; and H. Urdal and K. Hoelscher, Urban Youth Bulges and Social Disorder: An Empirical Study of Asian and Sub-Saharan African Cities, Pol- icy Research Working Paper 5110 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009).
10 J. F. Maystadt, J. F. Trinh Tan, and C. Breisinger, “Does Food Secu- rity Matter for Transition in Arab Countries?” Food Policy 46, (2014): 106–115; P. Pinstrup-Andersen and S. Shimokawa, “Do Poverty and Poor Health and Nutrition Increase the Risk of Armed Conflict Onset?” Food Policy 33, no. 6 (2008): 513–520; and H.-J. Brinkman and C. S. Hendrix, Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Addressing the Challenges, Occasional Paper 24 (Rome: World Food Programme, 2011).
11 J. F. Maystadt and O. Ecker, “Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks?” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96, no. 4 (2014): 1157–1182.
12 J. F. Maystadt, M. Calderone, and L. You, “Local Warming and Violent Conflict in North and South Sudan,” Journal of Economic Geography (2014): 1–23.
13 K. Harris, D. Keen, and M. Mitchell, When Disasters and Conflict Collide: Improving the Links between Disaster Resilience and Con- flict Prevention (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2013).
14 Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid.
17 R. Watts, Managing Climate Change and Conflict in Mali, Case Study 13 (Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2012).
18 The relationship between proneness to natural disaster and civil strife is complex and has other factors that may work in the oppo- site direction. For example, Japan is subject to frequent natural disasters. Over time, however, the society has developed a coping mechanism to deal with natural disaster. Thus, disasters may also induce people to form collective actions, which may support long- term growth.
19 Authors’ estimations based on data from Armed Conflict Location & Event Database (ACLED) and EM-DAT, accessed October 4, 2014, at
www.acleddata.com/data/ and
www.emdat.be/disaster_list/ index.html.
20 Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), “Drought Blamed for Food Scarcity,” IRIN, February 22, 2009,
www.irinnews. org/report/83069/syria-drought-blamed-for-food-scarcity.
21 F. De Châtel, “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syr- ian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution,” Middle Eastern Studies 50, no. 4 (2014): 521–535.
22 J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum, M. Kipasa, C. Kiyungu, and R. Cole- bunders, “Ebola Outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Discovery and Control Measures,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases 179, Supplement 1 (1999): S259–S262.
23 N. Onishi, “As Ebola Grips Liberia’s Capital, a Quarantine Sows Social Chaos,” The New York Times, August 28, 2014, www.
nytimes.com/2014/08/29/world/africa/in-liberias-capital-an-ebo- la-outbreak-like-no-other.html?ref=todayspaper.
24 Ibid.
25 S. Samb, E. Farge, and A. MacSwan, “Guinean Security Forces Break Up Riot in Ebola-racked South,” Reuters, August 29, 2014, www.
reuters.com/article/2014/08/29/us-health-ebola-guinea-idUSKB- N0GT0ZM20140829; and R. Callimachi, “Fear of Ebola Drives Mob to Kill Officials in Guinea,” The New York Times, September 18, 2014, ,
www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/world/africa/fear-of-ebola- drives-mob-to-kill-officials-in-guinea.html.
26 N. Onishi, “As Ebola Grips Liberia’s Capital, a Quarantine Sows Social Chaos,” The New York Times, August 28, 2014, www.
nytimes.com/2014/08/29/world/africa/in-liberias-capital-an-eb- ola-outbreak-like-no-other.html?ref=todayspaper; and S. Di Lorenzo, “Thousands Break Ebola Quarantine to Find Food,” ABC News, November 4, 2014,
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/ thousands-break-ebola-quarantine-find-food-26676908.
27 Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, Nigeria: Fleeing Boko Haram’s Relentless Terror, IDMC Briefing Paper (Geneva, 2014).
28 Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET), Conflict- Related Food Insecurity Continues in the Northeast, April 2014 to September 2014, FEWS NET Nigeria Food Security Outlook (2014).
29 FEWS NET, Conflict-related Food Insecurity Continues in the North- east (2014).
30 World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011).
31 F. De Châtel, “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syr- ian Uprising.
32 R. Watts, Managing Climate Change and Conflict in Mali, Case Study 13 (Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2012).
33 United States Agency for International Development, Fact Sheet: Global Alliance for Action for Drought Resilience and Growth, accessed October 14, 2014,
www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/docu- ments/1866/Global%20Alliance%20FactSheet.pdf.
34 D. O. Gilligan and J. Hoddinott, “Is There Persistence in the Impact of Emergency Food Aid? Evidence on Consumption, Food Security, and Assets in Rural Ethiopia,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89, no. 2 (2007): 225–242.
35 F. Shuaib et al., “Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak—Nigeria, July–Sep- tember 2014,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63, no. 39 (2014): 867–872.
122 NOTES
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