FIGURE 1 Hunger and malnutrition in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico, % of population 69
CHILD STUNTING UNDERNOURISHMENT
OVERWEIGHT OBESITY
19.5 15.2 7.1 Brazil 10.6 9.4 5.6 China 2 India 11 8.7 4.7 Indonesia Mexico
Sources: Data on undernourishment are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World—2014 (Rome: 2014). Data on child stunting, overweight, and obesity are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food and Agriculture in the World—2013 (Rome: 2013).
alone. Undernutrition, the result of prolonged inadequate intake of macro- and micronutrients, is also widespread. At the same time, in each country, overnutri-
tion (in the form of overweight and obesity) is high or rising. Various contributing factors are reported to include urbanization, demographic shiſts, diet changes associated with increased income, low awareness about good nutrition, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles.6 Modernized value chains that have increased the availability of processed foods are also likely contributors.7 Malnutrition also imposes high economic costs.
Micronutrient deficiencies, for example, cost India up to 3 percent of its annual GDP.8 Overweight and obesity increase the risk of such diseases as diabetes and heart disease, which in turn strain national bud- gets. In Mexico, noncommunicable diseases related to overweight and obesity were estimated to com- prise 13 percent of total healthcare expenditures in 2008.9 Te government in each of these countries rec-
ognizes the challenges these issues present. As a result they are implementing a variety of activities to address these issues while recognizing more action is required.
KEY FACTORS THAT CHARACTERIZE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN MICs
Despite the diversity of MICs, a shared set of factors influences the scale and nature of their food secu- rity and nutrition. Many of these factors affect food security and nutrition in MICs according to each country’s stage of economic development. For exam- ple, China and India, which are experiencing rapid growth, face a heavier burden of hunger and under- nutrition while Brazil and Mexico also face a heavy trend of rising overweight and obesity.
Rising Inequality Persistent or rising inequalities across wealth, gender, and access to education add to the burden of hunger and malnutrition. Impressive economic growth and poverty reduction can exist alongside the multiple burdens of malnutrition.10 Inequities in education, health, and nutrition impede human capital forma- tion and jeopardize sustained, long-term growth.11 Losses in human capital development brought
about by malnutrition are deepened both by a lack of equal access to quality education and by gender gaps.12 Unequal access to quality education has been shown to contribute to the dual burden of child stunting and obesity.13
REACHING THE MISSING MIDDLE 15 54 47.9 35.6 25 21 14 32.8
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