17 Federal Republic of Brazil, Ministry of Health, “Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population 2014,”
www.foodpolitics.com/wp-con- tent/uploads/Brazils-Dietary-Guidelines_2014.pdf, accessed Janu- ary 7, 2015.
18 H. Wang and F. Zhai, “Programme and Policy Options for Prevent- ing Obesity in China,” Obesity Review 14, no. 2 (November 2013): 134–140.
19 J. L. Leroy, P. Gadsden, T. González de Cossio, and P. Gertler, “Cash and in-Kind Transfers Lead to Excess Weight Gain in a Population of Women with a High Prevalence of Overweight in Rural Mexico,” The Journal of Nutrition 143, no. 3 (2013): 378–383; J. L. Leroy, P. Gadsden, S. R. Rodríguez-Ramírez, and T. González de Cossio, “Cash and in-Kind Transfers in Poor Rural Communities in Mexico Increase Household Fruit, Vegetable, and Micronutrient Consump- tion but Also Lead to Excess Energy Consumption,” The Journal of Nutrition 140, no. 3 (2010): 612–617.which provided very poor rural households with cash or in-kind transfers, on women’s body weight. A random sample of 208 rural communities in southern Mexico was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: food basket with or without health and nutrition education, cash with education, or control. The impact on women’s weight was estimated in a cohort of 3010 women using a difference-in-difference model. We compared the impact between the food basket and cash groups and evaluated whether the impact was modified by women’s BMI status at baseline. With respect to the control group, the program increased women’s weight in the food basket (550 ± 210 g; P = 0.004).
20 R. A. Pereira et al., “Sources of Excessive Saturated Fat, Trans Fat and Sugar Consumption in Brazil: An Analysis of the First Brazilian Nationwide Individual Dietary Survey,” Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 1 (2014): 113–121. Brazilians consume high amounts of sugary beverages, sweets, desserts and meats in their daily diet. They have also been found to consume more meat than recommended. See A. Martins de Carvalho, C. L. Galvão César, R. M. Fisberg, and D. M. Lobo Marchioni, “Excessive Meat Consumption in Brazil: Diet Quality and Environmental Impacts,” Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 10 (2013): 1893–1899.
21 S. Fan and R. Pandya-Lorch, eds., Reshaping Agriculture for Nutri- tion and Health: An IFPRI 2020 Book (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2012).
22 Nutrition-specific interventions help to address the immediate causes of undernutrition. Nutrition-sensitive interventions address the underlying causes of undernutrition.
23 C. Hawkes and M. T. Ruel, “Value Chains for Nutrition,” in Reshap- ing Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, edited by S. Fan and R. Pandya-Lorch (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2012).
24 L. Zhang, H. Yi, R. Luo, C. Liu, and S. Rozelle, “The Human Capital Roots of the Middle Income Trap: The Case of China,” Agricultural Economics 44, no. s1 (2013): 151–162.
25 R. Meinzen-Dick and A. Quisumbing, “Closing the Gender Gap,” in 2012 Global Food Policy Report (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2013),
www.Ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/gfpr2012_ch04.Pdf, accessed January 16, 2015.
26 Ibid.
27 IFPRI, “South Asia: Agricultural and Rural Development” (Wash- ington, DC: 2005),
www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ pubs_pubs_books_oc47_oc47.pdf, accessed January 16, 2015; J. Gibson and S. Olivia, “The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Qual- ity on Non-Farm Enterprises in Rural Indonesia,” World Develop- ment 38, no. 5 (May 2010): 717–726.
28
http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/han- dle/123456789/3816/Wp441R.pdf?sequence=4, accessed January 16, 2015.
29 H. Alderman and J. Hoddinott, “Growth-Promoting Social Safety Nets,” in The Poorest and the Hungry: Assessments, Analyses, and Actions, edited by J. von Braun, R. Vargas Hill, and R. Pandya-Lorch (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2009).
30 L. Fernald, P. Getler, and L. Neufeld, “10-Year Effect of Oportuni- dades, Mexico’s Conditional Cash Transfer Programme, on Child Growth, Cognition, Language, and Behaviour: A Longitudinal Fol- low-up Study,” The Lancet 374, no. 9706 (2009): 1997–2005.
31 D. Debowicz and J. Golan, “The Impact of Oportunidades on Human Capital and Income Distribution in Mexico: A Top-Down/ Bottom-Up Approach,” Journal of Policy Modeling 36, no. 1 (2014): 24–42.
32 M. Aboubacar, “Emerging Donors and Knowledge Sharing for Development: The Case of Korea,” Yale Journal of International Affairs 9, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 1–11.
33 S. Fan and J. Brzeska, “Production, Productivity, and Public Invest- ment in East Asian Agriculture,” in Handbook of Agricultural Eco- nomics, Vol. 4, edited by P. Pingali and R. Evenson (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, 3401–3434).
CHAPTER 3
1 Epidemiologists describe an “F-model” of the links from fecal pathogens to child health: children are contaminated from fecal germs through fingers, feet, food, fluids, and flies. Hand hygiene and improved water can break some of these pathways, but safe and sanitary containment of excreta is necessary to break them all.
2 International Institute for Population Sciences, India National Fam- ily Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06, Vol. 1 (Mumbai: 2007).
3 Much, although not all, of this emerging evidence is from eco- nomics, where wide circulation and citation of working papers standard.
4 See, for example, S. H. Preston and E. van de Walle, “Urban French Mortality in the Nineteenth Century,” Cambridge Population Stud- ies 32, no. 2 (1978): 275–297.
5 T. J. Hatton, “How Have Europeans Grown So Tall?” Oxford Eco- nomic Papers (Oxford, UK: 2013),
http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/ content/early/2013/08/29/
oep.gpt030.full.pdf+html.
6 L. Smith and L. Haddad, “Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Driv- ers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era” World Development 68 (forthcoming, April 2015).
7 D. Spears, How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? Policy Research Working Paper 6351 (Washing- ton, DC: World Bank, 2013).
116
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