31 J. Omiti, D. Otieno, T. Nyanamba, and E. McCullough, “Factors Influencing the Intensity of Market Participation by Smallholder Farmers: A Case Study of Rural and Peri-urban Areas of Kenya,” African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 3, no. 1 (2009): 57–82.
32 T. Reardon, C. B. Barrett, J. A. Berdegué, and J. F. M. Swinnen, “Agrifood Industry Transformation and Small Farmers in Develop- ing Countries,” World Development 37, no. 11 (2009): 1717–1727.
33 K. Deininger, S. Jin, and H. Nagarajan, “Efficiency and Equity Impacts of Rural Land Rental Restrictions: Evidence from India,” European Economic Review 52, no. 5 (2008): 892–918.
34 These tools limit the risk exposure of producers without the distor- tionary effects and high costs of current price support measures (such as input, output, and consumer price subsidies).
35 A. De Pinto, M. Magalhaes, and C. Ringler, Potential of Carbon Markets for Small Farmers: A Literature Review, Discussion Paper 1004 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Insti- tute, 2010).
36 E. Bryan, C. Ringler, B. Okoba, J. Koo, M. Herrero, and S. Silvestri, “Can Agriculture Support Climate Change Adaptation, Green- house Gas Mitigation, and Rural Livelihoods? Insights from Kenya,” Climatic Change 118 (2013): 151–165.
37 By bundling financial and nonfinancial solutions (such as insurance and agricultural advisory services), an environment that allows for comprehensive risk management solutions can be created. See R. Vargas Hill and M. Torero, Innovations in Insuring the Poor, 2020 Focus Brief 17 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009).
38 C. Hawkes and M. T. Ruel, “Value Chains for Nutrition,” in Reshap- ing Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, edited by S. Fan and R. Pandya-Lorch (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012).
39 Through, for example, foodborne and waterborne diseases, occu- pational hazards, and environmental damage.
40 Evidence from Nigeria and Uganda suggests that lower productiv- ity persists in female-owned plots and female-headed households. See A. Peterman, A. Quisumbing, J. Behrman, and E. Nkonya, Understanding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Uganda and Nigeria, Discussion Paper 1003 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010).
41 R. Meinzen-Dick, and A. Quisumbing, “Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap,” in 2012 Global Food Policy Report (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013.)
42 G. Berhane, D. Gilligan, J. Hoddinott, N. Kumar, and A. Seyoum Taffesse, “Can Social Protection Work in Africa? The Impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme,” Economic Develop- ment and Cultural Change 63, no. 1 (2014): 1–26.
CHAPTER 5
1 United Nations, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, “Introduction to the Proposal of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals,” accessed October 14, 2014,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4518S- DGs_FINAL_Proposal%20of%20OWG_19%20July%20at%20 1320hrsver3.pdf.
2 J. di Gioviani and A. Levchenko, “Trade Openness and Volatility,” Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 3 (2009): 558–585.
3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability—Summary for Policy Makers, Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), accessed October 14, 2014,
http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/ uploads/WG2AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf.
4 See, for example, International Food Policy Research Institute assessments of climate change impacts on African agriculture at
www.ifpri.org/book-775/ourwork/researcharea/climate-change.
5 Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Chronic Poverty Report, 2008-09. Escaping Poverty Traps (London: UK Department for International Development, 2009).
www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publica- tion_files/CPR2_ReportFull.pdf.
6 H. Alderman, J. Hoddinott, and W. Kinsey, “Long-Term Conse- quences of Early Childhood Malnutrition,” Oxford Economic Papers 58, no. 3 (2006): 450–474; S. Baird, J. Friedman, and N. Schady, “Aggregate Income Shocks and Infant Mortality in the Developing World,” Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 3 (2011): 847–856; and M. Carter and T. Lybbert, “Consumption ver- sus Asset Smoothing: Testing the Implications of Poverty Trap The- ory in Burkina Faso,” Journal of Development Economics 99, no. 2 (2012): 255–264.
7 R. Heltburg and N. Lund, “Shocks, Coping, and Outcomes for Paki- stan’s Poor: Health Risks Predominate,” Journal of Development Studies 45, no. 6 (2009): 864–888.
8 For a recent review, see H. Alderman and R. Yemtsov, How Can Safety Nets Contribute to Economic Growth? Policy Research Paper No. 6437 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014), www-wds.world-
bank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/05/07/0001583 49_20130507154500/Rendered/PDF/wps6437.pdf.
9 For a definition of social security from the perspective of the International Labour Organization, see footnote 1 on p. 2 of the International Labour Organization (ILO), World Social Protection Report 2014/15: Building Economic Recovery, Inclusive Develop- ment and Social Justice (Geneva, 2014), accessed October 14, 2014,
www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/docu- ments/publication/wcms_245201.pdf.
10 R. Kanbur, “Conceptualising Social Security and Income Redistri- bution,” Bulletin Luxembourgeois des questions sociales 27 (2010): 3–41.
11 United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), Policy Division, DFID Cash Transfers Evidence Paper (Lon- don, 2014).
12 ILO, World Social Protection Report 2014/15.
13 A. Fiszbein, R. Kanbur, and R Yemtsov, “Social Protection and Pov- erty Reduction: Global Patterns and Some Targets,” World Devel- opment 61 (2014): 167–177.
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