and nutrition security with poverty in one goal, the SDGs treat each theme separately.32 Whether this strategy ensures that food and nutrition secu- rity receives the atention it deserves will depend on the targets used, funding commitments to food and nutrition, and the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation efforts.33 At present, the hunger and nutrition targets within the SDGs include the World Health Assembly’s target of reducing the number of stunted children under age five by 40 percent by 2025, but there is surely room for more specific and ambitious goals related to food and nutrition secu- rity. Many issues will need to be resolved before the UN General Assembly votes on the final form of the SDGs in September 2015. Although the draſt SDGs include several refer-


ences to climate change, the first real advance in years in terms of international cooperation on cli- mate change took place in November 2014, when China and the United States made a landmark deal to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Aſter years of stalemate between the world’s two largest carbon emiters, the agreement specified that China’s car- bon emissions would peak around the year 2030 and that its share of non–fossil fuel energy would rise to about 20 percent. Te United States is commited to cuting carbon pollution by 26–28 percent below 2005 levels by 2025. Ten, in December, the UN climate conference


in Lima, Peru, resulted in a new approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Under the accord, each country has six months to submit plans for curb- ing greenhouse gas emissions in 2015. Tis agree- ment will serve as the basis for further talks in Paris in 2015. Although it is hoped that the agreement will trigger further action to fight climate change, countries’ plans for curbing emissions are voluntary, not binding, and are not likely to reduce emissions enough to keep global warming below 2° Centi- grade—the level of increase beyond which scientists believe effects will be dangerous. Efforts to combat climate change took place on


other fronts as well, including agriculture. Te con- cept of climate-smart agriculture has gained a foot- hold; the idea is to increase agricultural productivity sustainably, adapt and build the resilience of agricul- tural and food-security systems to climate change,


The first real advance in years in terms of international cooperation on climate change took place in November 2014, when China and the United States made a landmark deal to cut greenhouse gas emissions.


and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricul- ture. Te International Fund for Agricultural Devel- opment (IFAD) and the World Bank announced that all of their agricultural investments, valued at about US$11 billion, would be climate-smart by 2018. During the next decade, CGIAR will allo- cate $10.2 billion to climate-smart agricultural research. And the launch of the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture in September 2014 underlined the commitment of governments, non- governmental organizations, and the private sector to address climate change. Finally, in 2014 IFPRI reiterated its Compact


2025, a call to end hunger and malnutrition by 2025. International organizations, such as WFP, IFAD, and FAO, echoed this bold call for action during the year and signaled their readiness to join forces. To end hunger and undernutrition by 2025, prog- ress will need to be fast and substantial. Some of the best evidence that this goal is achievable comes from emerging economies (see Chapter 2 in the 2013 Global Food Policy Report). China, for example, employed an agriculture-led strategy to help halve the prevalence of undernourishment and reduce the prevalence of child stunting by more than two-thirds in two to three decades.34 In Brazil, social protection reforms and targeted nutrition interventions for its most vulnerable citizens helped cut the prevalence of undernourishment from 15 percent to less than 5 percent between 1990 and 2014 and the prevalence of child stunting from about 19 percent to 7 percent between 1989 and 2007.


FOOD POLICY IN 2014–2015 9


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