The two types of diabetes Type 1: Insulin dependent • Usually occurs in children or young adults. • The pancreas does not produce enough insulin, so daily insulin injections are needed to regulate blood sugar levels and keep the body healthy.
• Glucose is excreted by the kidneys, leaving little in the body for energy production.
A blood sugar monitor
• If the blood sugar level rises or falls, the sufferer may become weak and lapse into a coma.
Type 2: Non-insulin dependent • Usually occurs in adults over the age of 40; it is common in old age. • With this type of diabetes, the person makes some insulin but it does not work satisfactorily. • Usually associated with being overweight, it can be controlled by weight loss and diet. However, in some cases tablets are required to help the person’s own insulin to work, or additional insulin may be required.
• The symptoms include excessive thirst and frequent urination. Risk factors
Some people are more at risk of developing diabetes than others. The known risk factors include: • A family history of diabetes • Being overweight (80% of people with diabetes are overweight) • Age (the likelihood of developing diabetes increases with age) • Lack of physical exercise • Having had diabetes during pregnancy or having given birth to a large baby
Further Investigation To learn more about diabetes in Ireland, visit www.diabetes.ie.
6.3
Dietary guidelines to control diabetes Mild diabetes may be treated by doing the following: • Following a low-sugar diet ( see p. 79) • Eating high-fibre and starchy foods • Eating regularly and never missing a meal or snack • Reaching and maintaining the ideal weight • Exercising regularly to balance blood sugar levels
Some artificial sweeteners can be used instead of sugar. Diabetic products are available but can be expensive.
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Strand 1: Food, Health and Culinary Skills Section 2: Nutrition Know-How
