ANTI-AGING 33
of unique polysaccharides [StrataPhix POLY] indicates that the blend, used at 3%, can accelerate skin barrier repair on skin previously disrupted by aggressive tape stripping and can extend skin hydration out to 48 hours compared against placebo controls. Implications of these benefits to improvements in skin appearance and diminishment of inflammation-induced skin aging are likely but would require longer term studies to fully confirm.
Conclusions The skin remains a strategic target for cosmetic and therapeutic treatments intended to retard the aging process. Skin ageing driven through chronic inflammation is called inflammaging and has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism of skin’s visible aging. Inherent in the inflammation process is the skin’s response to exogenous threats via the innate immune response which starts with NLRP inflammasome activation, formation of the NLRP Inflammasome Complex and expression of active Caspase-1. As noted by the studies by Li et al., activation of the NLRP Inflammasome complex even takes place in sebocytes. This suggests that it is possible that most skin cells express NLRP Inflammasome proteins and respond to exogenous threats. Li et al. demonstrated that live P. acnes activates NLRP inflammasomes suggesting that the interplay between the skin’s innate immune response and the skin’s microbiome is likely the point where skin irritation and inflammation start.4
The NLRP
Inflammasomes are the key that turns on the engine of skin inflammation. Initiation of the inflammasome response then leads to the release of reservoirs of IL-1 and IL-18 that, further initiate downstream responses such as release of T-cells and dendritic immune response cells. Certainly, control of these downstream responses remains a key target for investigation of serious skin maladies, but the importance of the more upstream responses driven through inflammasome activation are just beginning to become appreciated in human health. It may be that by controlling the constant activation of skin cells’ inflammasome activation, it may be possible to slow the skin’s aging processes. Knowing that the NLRP inflammasomes are a strategic skin target to address will help in this effort.
PC
References 1 Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The
Inflammasome: A molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory Caspases and processing of proIL-1β. Mol Cell. 2002;10:417-426.
2 Martinon F, Meyer A, Tschoop J. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:229-65.
May 2020
Figure 16: Generalized schematic image of an NLRP Inflammasome Complex. [Adapted from Ref 19]
Figure 15: Schematic of DAMP and PAMP inflammation pathways initiated by NLRP inflammasome through release of active Caspase-1. [Adapted from ref 12]
3 Faustin B, Reed JC. Sunburned skin activates inflammasomes. Trends Cell Biol 2008;18:4-8.
4 Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, MS, et al. Propionibacterium acnes Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134,2747–2756
5 Innate Immune System of Skin and Oral Mucosa. Dayan N, Wertz, PW, Eds., Wiley. 2011.
6 Ito H, Kanbe A, Sakai H, Seishima M. Activation of NLRP3 signaling accelerates skin wound healing. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27:80-86.
7 Burian M, Yazdi AS. NLRP1 is the key inflammasome in primary human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:2507-2510.
8 Gruber JV, Holtz R. Measuring Activation of the NLRP Inflammasomes In Vitro via Active Caspase-1 Release: Implications in Understanding Epidermal Inflammatory Response. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(5S):S77.
9 Gruber JV, Holtz R. In vitro expression of NLRP- induced Caspase-1 in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK) by various exogenous threats and subsequent inhibition by blends of naturally derived anti-inflammatories. J Inflamm Res. 2019:12 219–230.
10 Gruber JV, Stojkoska V. NLRP Inflammasomes and Induced Skin Inflammation, Barrier Recovery and Extended Skin Hydration. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2019 Oct 19. doi: 10.1111/ics.12588. [Epub ahead of print].
11 Mejias NH, Martinez CC, Stephens ME, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Contribution of the inflammasome to inflammaging. J Inflamm. 2018;15:23-33.
12 Nasti TH, and Timares L. Inflammasome activation of IL-1 family mediators in response to cutaneous photodamage. Photochem Photobiol. 2012; 88: 1111–1125.
13
https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=1LsNDeDypcA
14 O’Brien M, Moehring D, Muñoz-Planillo R, et al. A bioluminescent caspase-1 activity assay rapidly monitors inflammasome activation in cells. J of Immunol Meth. 2017;447: 1–13.
15 Franceschi C, Campisi J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. Adv Gerosci. 2014;69:S4–S9.
16 Latz E, Duewell P. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammaging. Semin Immunol. 2018;40:61-73.
17 Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Inflammaging: Disturbed interplay between autophagy and inflammasomes. Aging. 2012;4:166-175.
18 Furman D, Chang J, Lartigue L, et al. Expression of specific inflammasome gene modules stratifies older individuals into two extreme clinical and immunological states. Nat Med. 2017;23:174-184.
19. Cross R. Could an NLRP3 inhibitor be the one drug to conquer common disease? Chem Eng News 2020;98:20-31.
PERSONAL CARE NORTH AMERICA
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96
