42 SKIN CARE
Antioxidant One of the key bioactivities of ascorbic acid is its exceptional ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). To determine whether VC-3G exhibits such effect, we conducted an experiment using a 3D skin model to assess its ROS scavenging activity while considering transdermal absorption. VC-3G was applied to the surface of the skin model, specifically targeting the outer layer of the stratum corneum. After 24 hours of treatment, the model was exposed to UVB radiation, followed by the introduction of a ROS-sensitive probe to visualize ROS levels within the skin model (Figure 9). In this analysis, blue fluorescence indicates lower ROS levels, while red fluorescence signifies higher ROS levels. Upon UVB exposure, the skin model turned red, signifying a marked increase in ROS levels. However, in the VC-3G-treated model, the red colouration induced by UVB exposure was barely observed, confirming that VC-3G significantly suppressed intracellular ROS production. These findings suggest that VC-3G not only penetrates the epidermis but also exerts potent antioxidant effects, making it a suitable ingredient for protecting the skin from oxidative stress and UV-induced damage.
Anti-carbonylation ROS generated within the skin due to external stimuli, such as UV radiation, can non-specifically oxidize proteins. In particular, amino acids like proline, arginine, and lysine undergo oxidative modifications by ROS, leading to the formation of carbonylated proteins. Furthermore, ROS promotes the production of
aldehydes such as acrolein, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation. These aldehydes react with amino acid side chains in proteins, further contributing to protein carbonylation, one of the causes of skin ageing and dullness. Carbonylated proteins are present not only in the deeper layers of the skin but also in the stratum corneum, and it is well known that UV exposure accelerates protein carbonylation in the stratum corneum. To evaluate changes in carbonylated protein levels, we used Fluorescein- 5-thiosemicarbazide (5-FTSC), a reagent that
n=4, Mean±S.D. **p<0.01 significant from each group
350 300 250 200 150 100 0
UVB VC-3G (mmoI/L) 1 (mmoI/L) 10
Figure 11: Evaluation of suppressing effect of ROS using normal human epidermal keratinocytes
PERSONAL CARE MAGAZINE September 2026 UVB (150 mJ/cm2 ) VC-3G (5 mg/ml)
ROS Level High
Low
Figure 9: Observation of ROS levels in a 3D skin model Before
After 8 weeks
Figure 10: Observation of protein carbonylation in the stratum corneum
specifically labels carbonyl groups, and measured fluorescence intensity as an indicator of protein carbonylation. The results demonstrated that continuous
application of VC-3G led to a decrease in fluorescence intensity (Figure 10), indicating a reduction in protein carbonylation. This suggests that the ROS-scavenging activity of VC-3G effectively suppresses protein carbonylation, highlighting its potential protective role against oxidative stress in the skin.
Anti-photoageing effects of VC-3G Against UVB To evaluate the anti-photoageing effects of VC-3G
n=4, Mean±S.D. ** ** **
120 110 100 90 80 70 0
UVB VC-3G (mmoI/L) 1 (mmoI/L) 10 Figure 12: Evaluation of suppressing effect of collagen reduction
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against UVB, we examined its inhibitory effects on ROS production and the reduction in collagen synthesis induced by UVB exposure. For the evaluation of ROS production
inhibition, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) treated with VC-3G were incubated with an ROS-reactive fluorescent probe. After exposure to UVB (50 mJ/cm2
),
fluorescence intensity was measured. As shown in Figure 11, VC-3G effectively suppressed the UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. For the evaluation of its effect on collagen
synthesis, NHEK treated with VC-3G were exposed to UVB (50 mJ/cm2
**p<0.05 significant from each group ) and then cultured
* * *
Intracellular ROS (% of control)
Quantity of collagen (% of control)
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