Chapter 2: State and Trends
Seaflower in Colombia (60 000 square kilometres) and the whale sanctuary Banco de la Plata in the Dominican Republic (25 000 square kilometres). Currently, Haiti and Guyana have not declared marine or coastal areas for conservation (National Geographic 2016).
Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil are all committed to the expansion of marine protected areas, in particular the prohibition of whaling activities in their jurisdictional waters. In 2015 there was a proposal of the South Atlantic Whale Sanctuary (SAWS) by the government of Argentina, Brazil, Gabon, South Africa and Uruguay with the support of the International Whaling Commission members (IWC 2016).
In 2014, with the implementation of the Eastern Caribbean Regional Ocean Policy (ECROP), Caribbean States included ocean economy in their development model, and many countries are pleading for greater conservation efforts such as the Caribbean Challenge Initiative which aims to bring 20 per cent of the coastal area under conservation.
With respect to marine pollution, an interesting example is the Regional Action Plan for Marine Litter (RAPMaLi) for the Wider Caribbean Region. Established in 2007, RAPMaLi promotes collaboration and engagement of a wide range of actors in actions aimed at improving the management of marine litter, at local and regional scales (UNEP 2014c). The network includes health, environmental, conservation, education, tourism, and waste management bodies (UNEP 2009). Several international organizations are including litter pollution in the Caribbean in their programming and institutional collaborations: the International Maritime Organization (IMO),
the United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the Sub Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOCARIBE), the UNEP Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (UNEP/GPA), and the Regional Seas Programme of UNEP (UNEP 2009).
Also, countries like Argentina and Chile foster research. Argentina launched the Pampa Azul project, a ten-year strategic initiative with the aim of researching South Atlantic resources in five different areas, to ensure conservation and management through inter-disciplinary campaigns and inter-ministerial support, with the scientific leadership of Argentina’s Science, Technology and Productive Innovation ministry.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) represents a cross-sectoral, inter-agency, and multidisciplinary approach to the many and varied issues affecting the biological, physical and social resource base within the wider coastal and oceanic environment (Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998). ICZM has been implemented in Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Jamaica, Venezuela, Uruguay, St Lucia, and Belize. In Trinidad and Tobago a steering committee was sanctioned to produce an ICZM Policy for the country. A coastal zone management policy cluster includes the establishment and execution of legislation, regulations, standards and procedures to prevent or minimize environmental degradation, and to protect and
Video 2.1.2: Coastal patterns in Haiti.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eThpDsywyzc&list=PLZ4sOGXTWw8 E52arV33cD
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