Supplementary Information
2011). A variety of impacts reported included species range and cultivation extensions uphill, physico-chemical changes to soil, changes in the hydrological regime, and extreme meteorological, climatic and hydrologic events. These were projected to lead to changes in ecosystem services:
• Changes in water-related ecosystem services; •
Shifts in services related to agricultural production;
• Decreased down-slope stability and safety; • Impaired contribution of Andean ecosystems to climate regulation;
• Climate change-induced shifts in species distribution and abundance -> biodiversity-related ecosystem services;
• Feedback reinforcing between climate change, its impacts on ecosystems and their service provision potential, and human use of resources (Herzog et al. 2011).
Tropical lowland forest and savannah. An earlier assessment of changes in tropical forest and savannah extent (Salazar et al. 2007) suggested that the tropical forest biome would reduce from the area of its current potential extent by 3 per cent for the period 2020 - 2029, 9 per cent for 2050 - 2059 and 18% for 2090 - 2099 under the IPCC A2 emission scenario (using values based on an agreement of 75 per cent among 15 climate models). The corresponding increase in savannah would be most pronounced in south-eastern Amazonia.
There are large uncertainties with regard to the degree of forest conversion to other land use types (Ometto et al. 2013) and the implied impacts it might have on climate (Lima et al. 2014; Vera et al. 2006), especially precipitation, and, in turn, on ecosystem structure and functioning within and outside Amazonia. The full impacts of climate change, potentially reinforced by further forest conversion to pasture and crop production in Amazonia remains the subject of debate as far as the figures are concerned, but not the trend of decrease in mean precipitation and increase in temperature (Ometto et al. 2013). How these factors will reconfigure the extent, structure and functioning of the various ecosystems of the Amazon basin will continue to be one of the focal topics in research in biosphere-atmosphere interactions, landscape ecology, and biogeography.
Mediterranean. An increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation is projected by the end of the 21st century with likely changes in the distribution of the sclerophyllous thorny shrubland and woodland in Mediterranean Chile (Bambach et al. 2013). Ecological niche models, which were fitted and used to produce projections, suggested that the highest reduction in suitable environment would occur along the coastline; little change was forecast for native ecosystems of the Andes.
Marine ecosystems. In the marine realm, climate change is considered an important threat to Caribbean coral reefs. The impact still varies throughout the Caribbean, however, as temperature increases are not uniform, and some coral species appear to be better able to adapt to increasing temperatures than others (Gardner et al. 2015). It has been reported by Mumby et al. (2014) that although rising sea surface temperatures have not yet had a significant impact on Caribbean coral reefs, if current trends continue, widespread losses of corals can be expected in the future.
33. The guardians of native stingless bees important for pollination services in Yucatan, Mexico
Xunan kab is the name that the Maya people give to the stingless bee Melipona beecheii5
. There is a relationship
between these insects and the Maya culture that has existed for centuries and includes religious and productive matters. This species has been cultivated since the proto-classic period (about 50 BC to about 300 AC) according to recent archaeological studies in Guatemala (Źrałka et al. 2014). Nogueira (1997) called this activity Meliponiculture.
The honey of these bees is a very important alimentary and medicinal resource, as well as a ritual, since it is part of relevant ceremonies, mixed with certain species of plants and constitutes sacaj and báalche, the most important ritual beverages for this culture (González-Acereto 2012).
5 According to González Acereto (2012), it is also called Koolel-Kab or Pool-Kab depending on the region.
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