Supplementary Information
Matanza - Riachuelo basin – approximately 10 per cent of the country’s total population and over a quarter of the Greater Buenos Aires population – 1.2 million live below the poverty line and 500 000 live in villas, the Argentine term for slums. This has resulted in pollution due to lack of modern sanitation facilities (McKinney 2012).
PROGRESS MADE: In 2009, a comprehensive sanitation plan (PISA) was developed to respond to the sanitation issue. It was an integrated plan which considers:
• An institutional mechanism, a governance structure, developed in the form of the River Basin Authority to enhance coordination;
•
Integrated management where it promotes recovery and preservation of the quality of surface water and groundwater including a design for the watershed;
• Social and economic considerations within the environmental context – where spatial impact action towards balanced
growth, integrated, sustainable management was considered, including wastes disposal;
• Legal governance through which laws were developed to enforce compliance;
• Community engagement which mainstreams public participation in decision making
IMPACT: Progress is being made and pollution is being dealt with in a more comprehensive manner, with greater engagement and more effective management of both the water and sanitation in the basin.
MAJOR PRE-REQUISITE FOR SUCCESS: Strong partnership, an integrated approach and sound legal governance.
36. Increasing Food Security in Costa Rica’s Indigenous Populations
THE PROBLEM: According to the 2000 Costa Rica census, indigenous peoples make up 1.7 per cent (64000) of the population (INEC 2015). There are eight recognized indigenous groups: Huetar, Chorotega, Teribe, Brunka,
Guaymí, Bribri, Cabecar, and Maleku. They live in 24 reserves set into law in 1977. The government established these territories, where indigenous people already
inhabited
the land which is rich in forests, rivers, and animals, with potential for agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for various uses, as well as clean water in rivers and streams (Chacón Castro 2002). Although tourism and export agriculture production are the top contributors to GDP in Costa Rica (CIA 2015), the main livelihood of the indigenous is semi-subsistence
coupled with some income-generating activities and food purchases).
Agricultural historically
agriculture (subsistence production interventions have
focused almost exclusively on traditional Latin American crops and practices (coffee, banana, sugar, rice, beans, and corn). The typical high-yielding varieties of these crops require more intensive production than native crops and do not necessarily yield well in the regions where indigenous people live. Not only are the rainfall, soil types, and overall climate in indigenous reservations quite different from the lowlands where the main cash crops are usually grown, but high-yielding varieties usually require intensive inputs that are not accessible to indigenous people. Points of sale of improved seed, fertilizers, and pesticides are often far away, and purchasing those items is beyond the means of the poorest farmers. Furthermore, there are legal barriers to credit in the reservations, as a centre for Indian rights explains: “Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica cannot obtain agricultural credit because the lands belong to the community and there is no legal formula for providing guarantees on communal properties” (Schulting 2007).
ACTION TAKEN: The Ministry of Agriculture agency in Limón and Buenos Aires, a neighbouring canton in southern Costa Rica with a high indigenous population, has outlined strategies to improve food security for the indigenous people. The plan cites an absence of agricultural projects as a cause of poverty, migration, and food insecurity. The agency proposes projects that include goat and cow production, vegetable gardens for home use, irrigation systems for dry seasons, and focusing on interventions for home production. The home production suggested, however, proposes adaptation of indigenous land so that mainstream crops can
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