Chapter 3: Environmental policies, goals, and objectives
food demands, and logging, have led to deforestation and a decrease in forest cover (Section 2.3). This affects biodiversity and critical habitats, impacts food security, hinders the availability of the global carbon budget and reduces the services provided by forests to support human well-being (Section 2.4).
The land-water nexus that underpins hydropower generation, agricultural production and natural resource extractive expansion is under increasing pressure from climate change and growing populations. Recent water crises such as the severe 2014 drought in Brazil’s economic heartland in the south-east of the country, have brought trade-offs between water, energy and food to the fore. For the region to meet the SDGs and UNFCCC climate agreement, nexus-oriented policies across land and freshwater will be a prerequisite for success. Not as an emergency response to solve crises as they occur, but as an established approach to address challenges and opportunities to food security, human health and ecosystem resilience.
Many policies have evolved to promote land management, and efforts to create integration across various sectors in land management planning are evident, but only in pockets. In other instances, policies regarding land are narrow in focus, for example housing and settlements are considered but the enabling tools such as land tenure and water management are addressed in separate policies, with little convergence. This poor integration is resulting in continued silo approaches.
The situation regarding land resource management
therefore requires a paradigm shift to transform to a modality in which land and its accompanying resources are managed in a more integrated fashion. This would require policies that give meaningful recognition to land governance, land management and resource protection and management, with the strategic aim of reducing the effect of land-based activities on freshwater systems, promotion of more sustainable forest husbandry, greater emphasis on management of protected areas, and more national auditing
and accounting of the value of biodiversity, centred around improved well-being for citizens (More…46). Further, policy transformation must place emphasis on the legal regimes that promote land rights, entrenched in an effective land tenure system which supports accountability, considers and mainstreams disaster risk management, and promotes holistic land zoning. This can promote sustainable land management, thereby addressing the land-water-food security nexus in LAC as enshrined in SDG 15.
3.2.9 Sustainable consumption and production
Policy frameworks must continue strengthening national and regional scientific, technological and innovative capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption. Incentive policies and education should be coupled to promote the adoption of sustainable lifestyles (UNEP 2015).
SCP requires more active participation of the productive and service sectors, both SMEs and large enterprises, in the implementation of best practices. Key to this effort are agreements for international cooperation to provide technical assistance and funding for initiatives involving implementation of SCP in the region, including those which have as an objective the transfer and dissemination of technology, capacity building and innovation in the context of equity and common and differentiated responsibilities. Inviting countries and other relevant actors to promote mechanisms for South-South cooperation is also important.
National action plans on SCP could be aligned with the national development
plans, sustainable development
national strategies or other similar policy instruments and their objectives. Mainstreaming SCP into decision making and national plans, policies and/or strategies is vital in order to shift consumption and production patterns of the countries in the region. For example, sustainable public procurement is a powerful tool to modify sustainable consumption and production patterns and to promote sustainable markets.
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