Supplementary Information
soil structure, aggregate stability and soil organic matter. The improvement of these characteristics will increase the water infiltration capacity, therefore reducing runoff and water erosion (Ogunwole et al. 2008).
Plantations of Jathropa curcas L. have been expanding in Cuba. Besides the production of biodiesel, this crop also offers the potential for developing new products (i.e. soap, lubricants, fertilizers) as well as providing a source of renewable energy (the plant’s oil)
in rural areas that can
improve the quality of life of the rural population (Sotolongo et al. 2007). In 2012, a new biodiesel plant in Guantanamo province began operation with a capacity to produce 30 000 gallons per year, and the island expected to expand the cultivation of this crop (Kotrba 2012). Besides the production of renewable energy, this agroforestry system has many environmental benefits such as the increase in forest area and a potential habitat for biodiversity, soil recovery by reducing wind and water erosion and an improvement of soil fertility (Sotolongo et al. 2007).
26. Ecological restoration
Ecological restoration (ER), the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed (SER 2004), is a rapidly growing field, advancing both in theory and practice and gaining momentum in global policy fora (Murcia et al. 2015). Ecological restoration is emerging as a mechanism for restoring natural and social capital and leveraging change across social and political spectra in Latin American countries (Aguilar-Barajas et al. 2015). In recent years, governments around the world have undertaken various national and international commitments such as:
The Hyderabad Call of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity: its goal is to restore 15 per cent of all degraded ecosystems on Earth by 2020; the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) with Objective 3(b)(i) of land degradation and restoration (Aguilar et al. 2015); the 20x20 Initiative, whose objective
is to bring 200 000 square kilometres of degraded land in Latin America and the Caribbean into restoration by 2020, including large-scale restoration goals such as 32 000 square kilometres in Peru, 1 million in Colombia, and 5 000 in Chile and Ecuador (WRI 2014).
CIFOR (2015) has recently recognized the need for
restoration at large spatial scales, for example at least 200 million hectares of degraded land in Latin America and the Caribbean. Scaling up ecological restoration brings new challenges, such as strengthening governance for relevant decision-making, capacity building for different stakeholders, and including robust indicators for monitoring.
27. Examples of certification and verification schemes in Latin America and the Caribbean
Coffee. By 2012, about 40 per cent of global production was compatible with voluntary standards, amounting to 3.3 million tonnes out of 8.2 million produced1
. Although only 25
per cent of this is sold in the market as compliant with the certification/verification system, adoption of better practices is significant and Latin America leads this effort. The region represents about 60 per cent of the global coffee market but its share of the certified market ranges from 66 per cent in the organic market to 77 per cent of the Rainforest Alliance and Fair Trade certified markets2
Cacao. In 2012, the certified production of cacao at the global level reached 22 per cent of global production but only 10 per cent of global trade. Although Latin America accounts for less than a quarter of global trade, the region dominates the organic market (94 per cent of sales) led by the Dominican Republic and Ecuador. Latin America also has 48 per cent of the market of fair trade certified cacao (Potts et al. 2014).
1 This includes both certified and verified production 2 (
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/nov/24/foodanddrink. shopping1).
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