Supplementary Information
(GLOBIS-B)4
focuses on multi-lateral
biodiversity research infrastructures worldwide.
cooperation of Their
goal is to identify the required primary data, analysis tools, methodologies and legal and technical bottlenecks to develop an agenda for research and infrastructure development to compute EBVs (Kissling et al. 2015).
Another important focus must be municipalities. An important initiative is ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, a network of more than 1 000 cities, towns and metropolises committed to building a sustainable future. E-infrastructures must enable the flow of scientific data into these systems.
As well as different scales (from local to global) and publics (scientists, educators, policy makers and society), other challenges that apply to networks and e-infrastructures include governance and financial sustainability. Many e-infrastructures are a result of networks (institutions and people) and are project-based. Their continuity must be secured which requires new long-term policies (Canhos et al. 2015).
29. Climate change impacts on biodiversity – distribution of species
It is difficult to foresee future biome changes in simple terms. The glacial – interglacial vegetation changes in LAC appear to have resulted in a contraction of the Amazon forest biome and the extension of the savanna in glacial epochs when temperatures dropped and the climate was drier than today (Graham 2011). The potential ‘savannization’ of the Amazon forest biome under future climate scenarios has been the focus of recent studies (Salazar et al. 2007), and is most likely to occur with increasing precipitation seasonality, however, the prediction of changes in precipitation is notoriously difficult for its large spatio-temporal variation. What the composition or structure of any new biome or ecosystem that might develop in response to climate drivers has been viewed by two radically different ways: (1) simple biome shifts along with the shifts in climate space that today corresponds to the distribution of
4 See
http://www.globis-b.eu
biomes, and therefore in the long run represents a climate – biome equilibrium, and (2) by the concept based on evidence of paleo-vegetation studies of past climates of ‘communities with no modern analogues’ (Jackson and Overpeck 2000; IPCC 2007). The predicted change in (bio)climate can be traced by comparing today’s climatic variables with that of the future based on CMIP5 results spatially downscaled by WorldClim (
http://worldclim.org/CMIP5). An assumption of equivalency in the biological composition of a new equivalent climate space is likely to be rarely met during rapid climate change, such as reported for the period following the last glacial maximum and for the Holocene maximum (Birks and Willis 2008) as plant species vary in their reproductive and dispersal capacity and they are likely to lag behind changes in bioclimatic variables that define their climate niches. This is likely to lead to spatial changes in the composition of plant communities, leading to the formation in some cases of new ‘communities’ of extant species whose realized niches do not overlap today and consequently they do not occur in the same ‘communities’ (IPCC 2007). The contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007).pointed out the importance of novel warmer climates are likely to arise by 2100 AD in the tropics, based on some of the IPCC scenarios, for future biological assemblages. Taking into account spatially variable shifts in precipitation patterns already observed (Magrin et al. 2014), there is a possibility of species, for the above-cited reasons related to reproduction and dispersal, forming new communities in the future with no contemporary analogue. These changes are important for local and regional biodiversity, ecological functioning of communities and for biodiversity conservation (Araújo et al. 2011).
30. Human rabies in LAC likely linked to mining and land use change
In 2005, human rabies transmitted by vampire bats reached new heights in Latin America. Fifty-five human cases were reported in several outbreaks, 41 in the Brazilian Amazon. Peru and Brazil had the highest number of reported cases between 1975 and 2006. Between 1980 and 1990 outbreaks
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