Chapter 4: Latin America and the Caribbean in 2015
of extreme poverty are significant. There is also a significant decrease in the population living on an income of less than USD 1.25 per day, as shown in Figure 4.4.2.
Respect for human rights is guaranteed. Women are increasingly integrated into economic, social and political processes. Female enrolment in primary education increases from 92.9 per cent in 2010 to almost 100 per cent in 2050, while female enrolment in secondary education increases from 81.9 per cent in 2010 to 93.5 per cent in 2050 (Figure 4.4.12). It is well established that an increased share of women with primary and tertiary education cause a significant decrease in child bearing, leading to a decrease in LAC population. This results in a demographic transition and the beginning of a developed country type inverted pyramid.
Migration tends to be a matter of choice, rather than necessity. City development is based on long-term planning, with different visions for each city. Urban policies are diversified and urbanization continues, mainly in medium and small cities.
A more balanced structure is reached for decision making with political parties becoming more representative of all social interests. Wider participation and better coordination between national and local governments is prioritised. Access and transparency to public information increases. Civil associations are represented in formulating environmental policies. Noticeable changes in consumption patterns, as well as significant advances in the solution of priority environmental problems, happen. After a rapid increase between 2000 and 2005, total equivalent carbon dioxide emissions stabilises between 2005 and 2035, and then decreases below the 2010 level by 2050 (Figure 4.4.7).
Although conflicts related to strategic natural resources persist, for freshwater, hydrocarbons and biodiversity in border areas of South America, governments have effective capacity to prevent and manage these. Effective mechanisms and joint programmes
are adopted to guarantee fair and equitable access and management of 153
shared resources. Local governments and business groups also launch campaigns to encourage water-saving action and work together to stimulate investment in technology for reducing water use. These and other efforts slow the growth in water withdrawals despite growth in both the population and the economy.
Mechanisms to rehabilitate and rebuild affected and polluted ecosystems and areas are implemented. A protected area system is in place that is effective and representative of key ecosystems and species of the region, stopping the loss and fragmentation of key habitats. A well-established network of regional genetic banks develops as part of a global network. There is progressive replacement of agrochemicals by organic substances and biological controls, supported by biotechnological development. New mechanisms are introduced to effectively protect property of local traditional knowledge, with a leading role for some South American countries, to regulate access to genetic resources in a fair and equitable way, and to significantly reduce bio-piracy. Systems for integrated ecosystem information, traditional knowledge, protected areas and economic well-being are optimized for ecosystem services delivery. A common agenda for sustainable development in mega-diverse countries is agreed.
Challenges
In ‘Towards a sustainability agenda’, it is possible to stabilise economic growth while significantly improving equity and environmental quality through proactive and comprehensive policies. The overall increase in human well-being and ecosystem health is likely to outweigh the initial cost of social and environmental investment, resulting in positive feedback for long-term economic growth. However, in some areas, this outlook may result in a slowing of technological intensity, as well as a shift towards local-level issues. In this case, policy options tend to prioritize the emphasis on building and keeping a social consensus through education and institutional strength.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264