Percentage (%) Percentage (%)
Chapter 2: State and Trends
Habitat loss also has socioeconomic impacts. Deforestation and increased malaria risk are closely related. Research in the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon indicate that ecological changes associated
with deforestation improve
Figure 2.4.12: Severity of soil degradation, 1990. 100
the
breeding conditions for the mosquitoes that are vectors of diseases such as malaria (Vittor et al. 2009) and exacerbate leishmaniosis, another tropical disease (WHO 2015a).
Natural habitat fragmentation means that a continuous ecosystem transforms into one where patches of it have been cleared, so the remaining ecosystem is interspersed with other types of land cover. Ecosystem fragmentation is detrimental to ecosystem function and therefore to ecosystem services and human well-being.
Among other areas, fragmentation has affected the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. In 2009, only 22.23per cent of the original forest remained and was highly fragmented due to centuries of unsustainable use (logging and agricultural conversion) (IBAMA 2012). Baldi
and Paruelo (2008)
20 40 60 80
0 17.0% 30.8%
13.5% 4.5%
34.2% Caribbean
Stable High
described
different situations of fragmentation in the Río de la Plata region. The most important landscape transformations occurred in Argentina, where grassland cover suffered a 16.3 per cent reduction during 1985–2004. In the West Inland and Mesopotamic pampas, active fragmentation is underway and the landscapes are at a stage of dissection or dissipation (Figure 2.4.11). In these two sub-units, there is a co-dominance of grassland and cropland patches. In the Southern, Rolling and Flat Inland pampas, the grasslands are at a stage of shrinkage or attrition characterized by small, isolated, simple-shaped grassland patches (Figure 2.4.12). Westward, in the Flat Inland Pampa, the patterns are slightly different, with cropland in elevated areas and grassland in lowlands. The Flooding pampa is at an incision or perforation stage in which the grassland matrix is only interrupted by small agricultural plots, transport lines, streams, channels and ponds The Northern and Southern Campos grasslands (Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) are at a perforation or dissection stage in which grassland is the landscape matrix, but there is a large number of cropland and afforestation foci (Baldi and Paruelo 2008). On the other hand by 2009 only 53.4 per cent of Brazilian Northeast Dryland Biome (called
Source: Oldeman et al. 1991
Figure 2.4.13: Land degradation classes and status of ecosystem services, 2006–2010.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
14.27% 6.71%
29.87% 47.93% 50.28% 48.35% 18.74% Caribbean Low Status of ES; Low Status of ES;
High Status of Land; Stable of improving
Source: Nachtergaele 2011 South America 30.12% Mesoamerica High Status of ES;
Low Status of ES; Improving
0.81%
10.20% 3.63%
17.15%
3.76% 3.00%
15.19% 17.5%
7.0% 32.8%
8.5% 34.2% 23.1%
15.6% 2.3%
29.8%
17.9% 4.4
26.9% 29.1% 26.3% 24.6% Mesoamerica South America Total General Low Very high Medium
93
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